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THE POLICY OF AUGUSTUS IN GREECE by J. A. o. Larsen
THE POLICY OF AUGUSTUS IN GREECE by J. A. o. Larsen

... larger than the famous contingent of Thessalian cavalry which served with Alexander the Great 10. For the years that precede the battle of Acrium we have less information about Thessaly, bur can assume that it roo was called upon at least for supplies. The situation may have been complicated by the ...
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... Roman citizens born in Rome. Many of the earliest authors of Roman literature were non-Romans, such as Livius Andronicus, Ennius, Plautus and Terence (see Goldberg, Chapter 1 above). How justified are we in regarding the views represented in their texts as Roman views? In this regard ancient literat ...
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PDF - Dekempeneer Collection

... Ancient marbles are natural stones mainly extracted and employed during the Roman Empire or before and, extensively, the stones also extracted during the Renaissance and later to ornate buildings, furnishings, or other precious objects, for personal embellishment, social or ritual needs. Within this ...
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... named after the god Jupiter. Poseidon, Greek god of the sea, was similar to Neptune, Roman god of the sea. Neptune, the planet, was named after Neptune the god. Pluto of the Underworld was like Hades, Greek god of the Underworld. The small cold planet Pluto was named after Pluto. Hera, Zeus’ queen, ...
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Introduction - Franz Steiner Verlag

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Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus 63 B.C.

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A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF JULIUS CAESAR

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THE ORIGINS AND IMPORT OF REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM
THE ORIGINS AND IMPORT OF REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM

... my topic is the slippage from investing private individuals with the powers of a magistracy they once held, to investing private individuals with the powers of a magistracy they have never held and might never hold.) In tracing the history of prorogation, ever so quickly, we would do well to remembe ...
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Early Roman army

The Early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called ""Polybian"" or manipular legion was introduced.Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no ""national"" Roman army, but a series of clan-based war-bands, which only coalesced into a united force in periods of serious external threat. Around 550 BC, during the period conventionally known as the rule of king Servius Tullius, it appears that a universal levy of eligible adult male citizens was instituted. This development apparently coincided with the introduction of heavy armour for most of the infantry.The early Roman army was based on a compulsory levy from adult male citizens that was held at the start of each campaigning season, in those years that war was declared. There were probably no standing or professional forces. During the Regal Era (to c. 500 BC), the standard levy was probably of 9,000 men, consisting of 6,000 heavily armed infantry (probably Greek-style hoplites), plus 2,400 light-armed infantry (rorarii, later called velites) and 600 light cavalry (equites celeres). When the kings were replaced by two annually-elected praetores in c. 500 BC, the standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the Praetors, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men.It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set-piece battles. However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men. In addition, clan-based forces remained in existence until at least c. 450 BC, although they would operate under the Praetors' authority, at least nominally.In 493 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome concluded a perpetual treaty of military alliance (the foedus Cassianum), with the combined other Latin city-states. The treaty, probably motivated by the need for the Latins to deploy a united defence against incursions by neighbouring hill-tribes, provided for each party to provide an equal force for campaigns under unified command. It remained in force until 358 BC.
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