Salinity Response in Chloroplasts: Insights from Gene
... The water-water cycle operates as a ROS scavenging pathway in chloroplasts, which is essential for salinity tolerance (Figure 1A). Oxygen (O2 ) generated in chloroplasts during photosynthesis can accept electrons passing through PS II and PS I, resulting in the formation of O2 − by the Mehler reacti ...
... The water-water cycle operates as a ROS scavenging pathway in chloroplasts, which is essential for salinity tolerance (Figure 1A). Oxygen (O2 ) generated in chloroplasts during photosynthesis can accept electrons passing through PS II and PS I, resulting in the formation of O2 − by the Mehler reacti ...
A wide-range phylogenetic analysis of Zic proteins: Implications for
... process of Zic genes as follows (Fig. 5A). The earliest Zic genes that appeared in ancestral Eumetazoa or metazoans, probably in the pre-Cambrian era, may have shared common structural features, namely the ZF and ZF-NC domains. Exon–intron boundaries are not conserved between Eumetazoa and cnidarian ...
... process of Zic genes as follows (Fig. 5A). The earliest Zic genes that appeared in ancestral Eumetazoa or metazoans, probably in the pre-Cambrian era, may have shared common structural features, namely the ZF and ZF-NC domains. Exon–intron boundaries are not conserved between Eumetazoa and cnidarian ...
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptide fractions
... Grain amaranth is a pseudo cereal with a high protein content (17–19% of grain dry weight) when compared to more traditional crops that have an average of 10% protein. It is rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, tryptophan, and sulphur-containing amino acids. In Amaranthus, 50% of the total ...
... Grain amaranth is a pseudo cereal with a high protein content (17–19% of grain dry weight) when compared to more traditional crops that have an average of 10% protein. It is rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, tryptophan, and sulphur-containing amino acids. In Amaranthus, 50% of the total ...
Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics
... not derived from the previously circulating virus in humans but probably from another avian virus; and (iii) a current human H3N2 virus inherited the PB1 gene from an A/NT/60/68-like virus. Nucleotide sequence analysis also showed that the avian PB1 gene was introduced into pigs. Hence, transmission ...
... not derived from the previously circulating virus in humans but probably from another avian virus; and (iii) a current human H3N2 virus inherited the PB1 gene from an A/NT/60/68-like virus. Nucleotide sequence analysis also showed that the avian PB1 gene was introduced into pigs. Hence, transmission ...
Document
... and DNA Replication Gene expression and DNA replication are compared in Table I-I-I. Transcription, the first stage in gene expression, involves transfer of information found in a double-stranded DNA molecule to the base sequence of a single-stranded RNA molecule. If the RNA molecule is a messenger ...
... and DNA Replication Gene expression and DNA replication are compared in Table I-I-I. Transcription, the first stage in gene expression, involves transfer of information found in a double-stranded DNA molecule to the base sequence of a single-stranded RNA molecule. If the RNA molecule is a messenger ...
pdf file - 366KB
... and search the Display File list to access the catalytic site. Although some target enzyme active sites are not available from PDB files, it is possible to estimate how strongly a molecule will bind to a catalytic site by selecting the ligand’s surface contacts favorably interacting with specific fu ...
... and search the Display File list to access the catalytic site. Although some target enzyme active sites are not available from PDB files, it is possible to estimate how strongly a molecule will bind to a catalytic site by selecting the ligand’s surface contacts favorably interacting with specific fu ...
Sequence Alignment
... lengths. Amino acid substitution matrices will turn match lengths into alignment scores (S). More commonly l = ln(1/p) is used. Number of longest run HSP will be estimated E = Kmne-lS How good a sequence score is evaluated based on how many HSPs (i.e. E value) one would expect for that score. ...
... lengths. Amino acid substitution matrices will turn match lengths into alignment scores (S). More commonly l = ln(1/p) is used. Number of longest run HSP will be estimated E = Kmne-lS How good a sequence score is evaluated based on how many HSPs (i.e. E value) one would expect for that score. ...
The effecTs of benzoic acid and proTein level on urine ph and
... for dry matter, total N and fibre were performed in accordance with standard methods of AOAC (1998). Feeds and faeces sample were analysed for dry matter (DM) after drying at 105 °C for 8 hours. Crude protein (N x 6.25) was determined by Kjeldahl method using a Kjell-Foss 16200 auto analyser (method ...
... for dry matter, total N and fibre were performed in accordance with standard methods of AOAC (1998). Feeds and faeces sample were analysed for dry matter (DM) after drying at 105 °C for 8 hours. Crude protein (N x 6.25) was determined by Kjeldahl method using a Kjell-Foss 16200 auto analyser (method ...
1-3 flagellum - Instituto de Higiene
... Alternatively, the acyl modifications on some proteins such as FCaBP could cause partitioning into the unique lipid environment of the flagellar membrane. Furthermore, other proteins like ISO2 are not present in the flagellar membrane and could be either actively excluded from this compartment or re ...
... Alternatively, the acyl modifications on some proteins such as FCaBP could cause partitioning into the unique lipid environment of the flagellar membrane. Furthermore, other proteins like ISO2 are not present in the flagellar membrane and could be either actively excluded from this compartment or re ...
Food and Fluid Guidelines Before, During, and After Exercise
... consumed if multiple carbohydrate sources are used (sucrose, glucose, and fructose). The gut uses different transporters for different carbohydrates, so larger amounts of carbohydrates can be oxidized when consuming coming from multiple sources.9 However, using this strategy is not necessary for mo ...
... consumed if multiple carbohydrate sources are used (sucrose, glucose, and fructose). The gut uses different transporters for different carbohydrates, so larger amounts of carbohydrates can be oxidized when consuming coming from multiple sources.9 However, using this strategy is not necessary for mo ...
CH Zinc Fingers As DNA Binding Domains
... to establish the binding to the target DNA.^^ The other classes, that is the triple, multiple-adjacent and separated-paired C2H2 fingers, bind to the specific DNA sequence without the aid of other domains. Both the triple C2H2 and the multiple-adjacent C2H2 zinc fingers bind to the cognate DNA at th ...
... to establish the binding to the target DNA.^^ The other classes, that is the triple, multiple-adjacent and separated-paired C2H2 fingers, bind to the specific DNA sequence without the aid of other domains. Both the triple C2H2 and the multiple-adjacent C2H2 zinc fingers bind to the cognate DNA at th ...
Structure, function and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... biotinylation of apoenzyme to holoenzyme, rather than by gene induction. In contrast, changes in PC specific activity of Rhodobacter capsulatus under different growth conditions are mediated at the level of enzyme synthesis [50]. -Aspartate is known to inhibit PC activity and biotinylation in yeast ...
... biotinylation of apoenzyme to holoenzyme, rather than by gene induction. In contrast, changes in PC specific activity of Rhodobacter capsulatus under different growth conditions are mediated at the level of enzyme synthesis [50]. -Aspartate is known to inhibit PC activity and biotinylation in yeast ...
The PRT protein family Sangita C Sinha* and Janet L Smith
... The available structures provide a wealth of information on states of PRTases relevant to catalysis, effectively providing snapshots along the reaction pathway [31,40]. The closed-loop structures, in particular, provide a remarkably consistent picture of Mg•PRPP binding. Mg•PRPP binds in a virtually ...
... The available structures provide a wealth of information on states of PRTases relevant to catalysis, effectively providing snapshots along the reaction pathway [31,40]. The closed-loop structures, in particular, provide a remarkably consistent picture of Mg•PRPP binding. Mg•PRPP binds in a virtually ...
... pTHC2c codes for a 29-kilodalton protein, while the liver mRNA selected by pTHC5c codes for a 14kilodalton protein. The same results were obtained when polyA' mRNA isolated from hepatocellular carcinoma was used. However, further analysis of these liver and hepatocellular carcinoma THC2cdirected tra ...
Protonation States and pKa
... Protein is positively charged (pI = 11) between pH 1 to pH 7 (titration range). This results in an overall decrease in the stability of the positively charged histidine residues and increase in the stability of the negatively charged Asp and Glu residues. Therefore, a decrease in the pKa values is ...
... Protein is positively charged (pI = 11) between pH 1 to pH 7 (titration range). This results in an overall decrease in the stability of the positively charged histidine residues and increase in the stability of the negatively charged Asp and Glu residues. Therefore, a decrease in the pKa values is ...
Chapter 1. introduction
... 4.3 Four levels of protein structure A. Primary structure: Amino acid sequence and disulfide bonds B. Secondary Structure: Conformation of neighboring amino acids: -helix,: Right handed or left handed coil: One turn of the helix: 0.54 nm and 3.6 residues: Page 102 Fig. 5.5 -pleated sheet: parallel ...
... 4.3 Four levels of protein structure A. Primary structure: Amino acid sequence and disulfide bonds B. Secondary Structure: Conformation of neighboring amino acids: -helix,: Right handed or left handed coil: One turn of the helix: 0.54 nm and 3.6 residues: Page 102 Fig. 5.5 -pleated sheet: parallel ...
Improving muscle mass: response of muscle metabolism to exercise
... The action of testosterone on skeletal muscle indicates that several mechanisms are responsible for muscle hypertrophy and body composition changes. Testosterone induces muscle fibre hypertrophy through an increase in myoblast differentiation, an increase in satellite cell number, a proportionate in ...
... The action of testosterone on skeletal muscle indicates that several mechanisms are responsible for muscle hypertrophy and body composition changes. Testosterone induces muscle fibre hypertrophy through an increase in myoblast differentiation, an increase in satellite cell number, a proportionate in ...
AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of
... CREB phosphorylation was lower in gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and heart muscles (Fig. 2) from a separate group of MLKB1-KO mice (in which AMPK phosphorylation is virtually eliminated), suggesting that AMPK may play a role in maintaining basal levels of CREB phosphorylation. CREB phosphorylatio ...
... CREB phosphorylation was lower in gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and heart muscles (Fig. 2) from a separate group of MLKB1-KO mice (in which AMPK phosphorylation is virtually eliminated), suggesting that AMPK may play a role in maintaining basal levels of CREB phosphorylation. CREB phosphorylatio ...
Detoxification mechanisms (Apis mellifera) resulting in tolerance of dietary nicotine
... metabolites suggests that honey bees actively detoxify nicotine. Snyder et al.31 demonstrated that the tobacco specialist caterpillar, M. sexta, metabolizes nicotine to cotinine and cotinine N-oxide via a P450-mediated pathway, supporting the notion that the C-oxidation of nicotine by honey bees con ...
... metabolites suggests that honey bees actively detoxify nicotine. Snyder et al.31 demonstrated that the tobacco specialist caterpillar, M. sexta, metabolizes nicotine to cotinine and cotinine N-oxide via a P450-mediated pathway, supporting the notion that the C-oxidation of nicotine by honey bees con ...
Protein structure is conceptually divided into four levels of organization
... (a) A view from the side of an a/b barrel section indicating the position of the active site, located at the C-terminal face of the barrel, within the funnel formed by the C-termini of the strands and the loops connecting them to the subsequent helices. (b) A view from the top of the barrel of the a ...
... (a) A view from the side of an a/b barrel section indicating the position of the active site, located at the C-terminal face of the barrel, within the funnel formed by the C-termini of the strands and the loops connecting them to the subsequent helices. (b) A view from the top of the barrel of the a ...
Amino acids
... among available a-keto acids. This permits synthesis of non-essential amino acids, using amino groups from other amino acids & carbon skeletons synthesized in a cell. Thus a balance of different amino acids is maintained, as proteins of varied amino acid contents are synthesized. Although the amino ...
... among available a-keto acids. This permits synthesis of non-essential amino acids, using amino groups from other amino acids & carbon skeletons synthesized in a cell. Thus a balance of different amino acids is maintained, as proteins of varied amino acid contents are synthesized. Although the amino ...
Chapter 6 Identifying and Measuring Transmembrane Helix–Helix
... poly-lysine (Lys) tag (usually three lysines) at the N- and C-termini of the peptide sequence. 3. To assess interactions between peptides corresponding to two transmembrane domains (TMa and TMb) using FRET, it is necessary to select a proper FRET pair (e.g., tryptophan (Trp)/ pyrene—see Fig. 1) and ...
... poly-lysine (Lys) tag (usually three lysines) at the N- and C-termini of the peptide sequence. 3. To assess interactions between peptides corresponding to two transmembrane domains (TMa and TMb) using FRET, it is necessary to select a proper FRET pair (e.g., tryptophan (Trp)/ pyrene—see Fig. 1) and ...
Two-hybrid screening
Two-hybrid screening (also known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively.The premise behind the test is the activation of downstream reporter gene(s) by the binding of a transcription factor onto an upstream activating sequence (UAS). For two-hybrid screening, the transcription factor is split into two separate fragments, called the binding domain (BD) and activating domain (AD). The BD is the domain responsible for binding to the UAS and the AD is the domain responsible for the activation of transcription. The Y2H is thus a protein-fragment complementation assay.