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Introduction to AI
... Chinese. Someone slips a piece of paper under the door with Chinese writing on it. • Having puzzled over it for a moment, he notices that there is a book in the room titled "What to do if someone slides some Chinese writing under the door." • The book, he finds, is actually an enormous set of instru ...
... Chinese. Someone slips a piece of paper under the door with Chinese writing on it. • Having puzzled over it for a moment, he notices that there is a book in the room titled "What to do if someone slides some Chinese writing under the door." • The book, he finds, is actually an enormous set of instru ...
AUBER F13
... mathematics, and natural phenomena. It has been carried forward by James D. Murray and others, and though things get a lot more complex than the examples tackled by Turing, it is enough to make something more coherent from the confusion of impressions and models. ...
... mathematics, and natural phenomena. It has been carried forward by James D. Murray and others, and though things get a lot more complex than the examples tackled by Turing, it is enough to make something more coherent from the confusion of impressions and models. ...
Gödel and Computability - centria
... Gödel, more precisely that, considering it is not provable, it is in some sense true. But to assert that it is true requires an observer that can look at the system from the outside. It cannot be shown from within the axiomatic system. • An important issue is that this argument assumes arithmetic is ...
... Gödel, more precisely that, considering it is not provable, it is in some sense true. But to assert that it is true requires an observer that can look at the system from the outside. It cannot be shown from within the axiomatic system. • An important issue is that this argument assumes arithmetic is ...
6. Discussion - How to pass the Turing Test
... was on the "BITNET" machine that I put the program online. The "Internet" at this time was the name used to refer to machines that used the emerging TCP/IP protocol, which were only some of the machines on what was a vast interconnected network of networks. BITNET, for those who do not remember, con ...
... was on the "BITNET" machine that I put the program online. The "Internet" at this time was the name used to refer to machines that used the emerging TCP/IP protocol, which were only some of the machines on what was a vast interconnected network of networks. BITNET, for those who do not remember, con ...
Machine Consciousness: A Modern Approach
... highly adaptable cognitive systems (such as human beings, primates, and mammals) and consciousness. Insects, worms, arthropods, and the like that are usually considered devoid of consciousness are much less adaptable (they are adaptable as a species but not very much as individuals). As a result, ma ...
... highly adaptable cognitive systems (such as human beings, primates, and mammals) and consciousness. Insects, worms, arthropods, and the like that are usually considered devoid of consciousness are much less adaptable (they are adaptable as a species but not very much as individuals). As a result, ma ...
University of Bergen - BORA
... that were once just a figment of the imagination of some science fiction writers have turned into technologies people use in their everyday lives, and so, the line between the possible and the impossible only becomes more and more obscured. As a result, it is not always obvious which realm technolo ...
... that were once just a figment of the imagination of some science fiction writers have turned into technologies people use in their everyday lives, and so, the line between the possible and the impossible only becomes more and more obscured. As a result, it is not always obvious which realm technolo ...
Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test The Turing Test
... intelligence free of the difficulties and philosophical pitfalls of defining exactly what constitutes the mental process of intelligent reasoning, devised a test, instead, of intelligent behavior. The idea, codified in his celebrated 1950 paper ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence'' [28], was spec ...
... intelligence free of the difficulties and philosophical pitfalls of defining exactly what constitutes the mental process of intelligent reasoning, devised a test, instead, of intelligent behavior. The idea, codified in his celebrated 1950 paper ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence'' [28], was spec ...
Concerning the adequacy of the Turing test
... man, by answering questions put to it, and will only pass if the pretence is reasonably convincing [...] We had better suppose that each jury has to judge quite a number times, and that sometimes they really are dealing with a man not a machine. That will prevent ...
... man, by answering questions put to it, and will only pass if the pretence is reasonably convincing [...] We had better suppose that each jury has to judge quite a number times, and that sometimes they really are dealing with a man not a machine. That will prevent ...
Computational Generation of Dream-like Narrative
... that dreams, once communicated, not only are narratives but that they may in fact also serve as the ultimate predecessor of all fictional narratives. I then argue that in order to dream (and thus in order to write creative fiction) a dreamer needs more than a sleeping brain – he, she or it needs a s ...
... that dreams, once communicated, not only are narratives but that they may in fact also serve as the ultimate predecessor of all fictional narratives. I then argue that in order to dream (and thus in order to write creative fiction) a dreamer needs more than a sleeping brain – he, she or it needs a s ...
Toward a Theory of Intelligence - Boston College Computer Science
... Turing machines, all primitive recursive functions, and many other domains. Oracles are infinite sequences of 0’s and 1’s that can be ordered lexicographically. Let us say that one oracle, O1, is less then another O2 (or O1 < O2) if O1 is earlier in this ordering than O2. Let us call the set of all ...
... Turing machines, all primitive recursive functions, and many other domains. Oracles are infinite sequences of 0’s and 1’s that can be ordered lexicographically. Let us say that one oracle, O1, is less then another O2 (or O1 < O2) if O1 is earlier in this ordering than O2. Let us call the set of all ...
Turing Test: 50 Years Later - Center for Research in Language
... The ‘heads in the sand’ objection, although mostly in disguised forms, is manifested in some subsequent comments on the TT. This is, in its basic form, an aversion to the issue of thinking machines because the consequences of this would be dreadful (Turing, 1950, p. 444). Most people like to believe ...
... The ‘heads in the sand’ objection, although mostly in disguised forms, is manifested in some subsequent comments on the TT. This is, in its basic form, an aversion to the issue of thinking machines because the consequences of this would be dreadful (Turing, 1950, p. 444). Most people like to believe ...
Does the Turing Test Demonstrate Intelligence or Not?
... For instance, passing a Turing Test on a single occasion might be the result of chance. Even monkeys on typewriters might “produce a sensible sequence of verbal responses” on (astronomically rare) occasion. (For this reason, Turing would have multiple tests be run.) Thus, the premise ought to be int ...
... For instance, passing a Turing Test on a single occasion might be the result of chance. Even monkeys on typewriters might “produce a sensible sequence of verbal responses” on (astronomically rare) occasion. (For this reason, Turing would have multiple tests be run.) Thus, the premise ought to be int ...
Captcha
... Tester asks questions in text-form Answers are returned in text-form Matthias Neubauer ...
... Tester asks questions in text-form Answers are returned in text-form Matthias Neubauer ...
The Legacy of Alan Turing and John von Neumann
... arguments against the possibility of constructing intelligent machines. ”The reader will have anticipated that I have no very convincing argument of a positive nature to support my views. If I had I should not have taken such pains to point out the fallacies in contrary views. Such evidence as I hav ...
... arguments against the possibility of constructing intelligent machines. ”The reader will have anticipated that I have no very convincing argument of a positive nature to support my views. If I had I should not have taken such pains to point out the fallacies in contrary views. Such evidence as I hav ...
What does the Turing test really mean? And how many human beings
... possibilities includes birthing and raising a child. This again challenges any categorical man-machine distinction. Yet raising a human child should hardly count as an advance in computer science or artificial intelligence. Turing jokes that perhaps the team of engineers will have to be all of one ...
... possibilities includes birthing and raising a child. This again challenges any categorical man-machine distinction. Yet raising a human child should hardly count as an advance in computer science or artificial intelligence. Turing jokes that perhaps the team of engineers will have to be all of one ...
The errors, insights and lessons of famous AI predictions
... these risks are reasonable, and, if so, when and how AI is likely to be developed. Even if the risks turn out to be overblown, simply knowing the reliability of general AI predictions will have great social and economic consequences. The aim of this paper is thus to construct a framework and tools ...
... these risks are reasonable, and, if so, when and how AI is likely to be developed. Even if the risks turn out to be overblown, simply knowing the reliability of general AI predictions will have great social and economic consequences. The aim of this paper is thus to construct a framework and tools ...
Can Machines Think - New York University
... irrelevant features, they are carefully screened off so only the essential feature, musicianship, can be examined. Turing recognized that people similarly might be biased in their judgments of intelligence by whether the contestant had soft skin, warm blood, facial features, hands and eyes--which ar ...
... irrelevant features, they are carefully screened off so only the essential feature, musicianship, can be examined. Turing recognized that people similarly might be biased in their judgments of intelligence by whether the contestant had soft skin, warm blood, facial features, hands and eyes--which ar ...
this publication in PDF format
... one of the very first electronic, programmable, digital computers. Finally, his third contribution was philosophical: he provided an elegant operational definition of thinking that, in many ways, set the entire field of artificial intelligence (AI) in motion. In this article, I will focus only on th ...
... one of the very first electronic, programmable, digital computers. Finally, his third contribution was philosophical: he provided an elegant operational definition of thinking that, in many ways, set the entire field of artificial intelligence (AI) in motion. In this article, I will focus only on th ...
Objections, Rebuttals and Refutations
... objections, and many moves that should not [strictly] be called rebuttals. A rebuttal is an argument directed against another argument to show that the first argument is defective. To rebut an argument is to try to show that the argument is questionable, or even untenable. A rebuttal can attack a pr ...
... objections, and many moves that should not [strictly] be called rebuttals. A rebuttal is an argument directed against another argument to show that the first argument is defective. To rebut an argument is to try to show that the argument is questionable, or even untenable. A rebuttal can attack a pr ...
The Hidden Pattern
... short, modern human life in all its variety and chaos. Given all this, it’s been rather difficult for me to find time to work on this book. Every hour I’ve worked on this book, I’ve been intensely aware that I could have been spending time generating business for Biomind, or working on the details o ...
... short, modern human life in all its variety and chaos. Given all this, it’s been rather difficult for me to find time to work on this book. Every hour I’ve worked on this book, I’ve been intensely aware that I could have been spending time generating business for Biomind, or working on the details o ...
Knowledge Representation Knowledge Representation
... be considered intelligent, but a machine could still be considered intelligent without knowing enough about humans to imitate a human. ...
... be considered intelligent, but a machine could still be considered intelligent without knowing enough about humans to imitate a human. ...
(2008) The Symbol Grounding Problem has been solved. So What`s
... grounding, largely triggered by Searle’s Chinese Room story (Searle,1980). Searle’s article had the advantage of stirring up discussion about when and how symbols could be about things in the world, whether intelligence involves representations or not, and what embodiment means and under what condit ...
... grounding, largely triggered by Searle’s Chinese Room story (Searle,1980). Searle’s article had the advantage of stirring up discussion about when and how symbols could be about things in the world, whether intelligence involves representations or not, and what embodiment means and under what condit ...
Minds may be computers but.. - Cognitive Science Department
... inside the head and can be carried around with you. A graph does not and cannot. Now, in an ordinary computer, this program only works for a finite set of cases because a real computer runs into trouble when the numbers to be doubled get very large.. But for theoretical purposes, we can think of com ...
... inside the head and can be carried around with you. A graph does not and cannot. Now, in an ordinary computer, this program only works for a finite set of cases because a real computer runs into trouble when the numbers to be doubled get very large.. But for theoretical purposes, we can think of com ...
Author / Computing, 2000, Vol. 0, Issue 0, 1
... Computer based research on machine intelligence started about 60 years ago, parallel to the construction of the first electronic computers. Therefore it seems to be time again to compare todays state-of-the art with thoughts and proposals at the very beginning of the computer age. I have chosen Alan ...
... Computer based research on machine intelligence started about 60 years ago, parallel to the construction of the first electronic computers. Therefore it seems to be time again to compare todays state-of-the art with thoughts and proposals at the very beginning of the computer age. I have chosen Alan ...
Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks The
... is something like a notebook. Rather little mechanism, and lots of blank sheets. Our hope is that there is so little mechanism in the child brain that something like it can easily be programmed. The amount of work in the education we can assume, as a first approximation, to be much the same as for t ...
... is something like a notebook. Rather little mechanism, and lots of blank sheets. Our hope is that there is so little mechanism in the child brain that something like it can easily be programmed. The amount of work in the education we can assume, as a first approximation, to be much the same as for t ...
Chinese room
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ChineseRoom2009_CRset.jpg?width=300)
The Chinese room is a thought experiment presented by the philosopher John Searle to challenge the claim that it is possible for a computer running a program to have a ""mind"" and ""consciousness"" in the same sense that people do, simply by virtue of running the right program. The experiment is intended to help refute a philosophical position that Searle named ""strong AI"":""The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds.""To contest this view, Searle writes in his first description of the argument: ""Suppose that I'm locked in a room and ... that I know no Chinese, either written or spoken"". He further supposes that he has a set of rules in English that ""enable me to correlate one set of formal symbols with another set of formal symbols"", that is, the Chinese characters. These rules allow him to respond, in written Chinese, to questions, also written in Chinese, in such a way that the posers of the questions – who do understand Chinese – are convinced that Searle can actually understand the Chinese conversation too, even though he cannot. Similarly, he argues that if there is a computer program that allows a computer to carry on an intelligent conversation in a written language, the computer executing the program would not understand the conversation either.The experiment is the centerpiece of Searle's Chinese room argument which holds that a program cannot give a computer a ""mind"", ""understanding"" or ""consciousness"", regardless of how intelligently it may make it behave. The argument is directed against the philosophical positions of functionalism and computationalism, which hold that the mind may be viewed as an information processing system operating on formal symbols. Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display. The argument applies only to digital computers and does not apply to machines in general. This kind of argument against AI was described by John Haugeland as the ""hollow shell"" argument.Searle's argument first appeared in his paper ""Minds, Brains, and Programs"", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980. It has been widely discussed in the years since.