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CHAPTER 7: Word, structure, function and discourse
CHAPTER 7: Word, structure, function and discourse

... Voice active or passive. ...
A Bi-Polar Theory of Nominal and Clause Structure and Function
A Bi-Polar Theory of Nominal and Clause Structure and Function

... is unproblematic—two relational heads are conjoined, rather than a verb head being conjoined with an adjectival complement. As Grootjen et al. note, many of the problematic cases of conjunction which on the surface appear to involve the conjunction of different types of constituents, are resolved if ...
The ergative features of Papuan and Austronesian languages
The ergative features of Papuan and Austronesian languages

... perfective aspect, the argument marking is strictly ergative, whereas with the imperfective, the structure is strictly accusative. Here, like in Nemi, we can analyse the Drehu argument marking pattern as a kind of 'extended ergative'. The ergative marker hne- is not exteed to all S arguments3, but o ...
book
book

... impression of the great quantity of important linguistic material that was collected by him but was lost by the violence of the war. 1. 2. Wolio literature consists for the greater part of unwritten folk-tales, songs, etc. But there also exists a written literature in manuscripts. Of this literatur ...
Coordination of Unlikes without Unlike Categories
Coordination of Unlikes without Unlike Categories

... in an ellipsis analysis of (10a). The string ‘were’ is simply omitted from the second conjunct. More examples are provided in (13). (13) a. On the ground floor there is a marble block since early June, and three wooden pillars since late September. ...
Lesson 7
Lesson 7

... contains two prepositional phrases in various combinations—two adjective phrases, two adverb phrases, or one of each. Before classifying each phrase, ask yourself, “Does this phrase describe a noun or pronoun, or does it answer a question about the verb. Write the answers on your own sheet of paper. ...
1. Introduction 1 2. Three Major Types of Actants
1. Introduction 1 2. Three Major Types of Actants

... I chose the term actant over other terms for the following three reasons: • First, to emphasize the parallelism between all three types of actants. I want the same term on all levels of representation, and it is preferable to speak of semantic and syntactic actants rather than semantic and syntactic ...
indian grammatical theory
indian grammatical theory

... In a knowledge oriented society, the knowledge of language and its function has remained the area of concern through centuries. In such investigations, it has raised several issues which are still object of enquiry. The dominant issues are: (i) origin and development of language, (ii) language as a ...
PhD thesis - Tartu Ülikool
PhD thesis - Tartu Ülikool

... verbally, such as the English walk, run and lock. Other noteworthy results in chapter 1 include the definitions of ‘noun’, ‘verb’, ‘flexible’ and ‘word’, and the framework of the five logically possible language types (N/V/F, N/F, V/F, N/V and F – see section 1.5). Jackendoff (1999) has used the no ...
Filling Gaps: Decision principles and structure in sentence
Filling Gaps: Decision principles and structure in sentence

... The correct grammatical characterization of sentences containing filler-gap dependencies is a topic of considerable theoretical interest in linguistics. In some grammatical frameworks, these dependencies are represented in terms of conditions on the permissible indexing of structures (or alternative ...
The Clause and the Sentence The CLAUSE: depending on the kind
The Clause and the Sentence The CLAUSE: depending on the kind

... clauses which, according to the part of speech they play within the sentence, a noun, adjective or adverb, can be classified as NOMINAL CLAUSES, RELATIVE CLAUSES or ADVERBIAL CLAUSES). All independent clauses are finite, while subordinate clauses may be finite, non-finite, or verbless. 3.1. NOMINAL ...
An Incremental Procedural Grammar for Sentence Formulation
An Incremental Procedural Grammar for Sentence Formulation

... as broad as is possible by current standards of linguistic research. In particular, the device should incorporate an optimal solution to what has become one of the central issues in the theory of syntax: conditions or constraints on the applicatioan of rules (transformational and others). What prope ...
Second Language Knowledge of [+/-Past] vs. [+/-Finite]
Second Language Knowledge of [+/-Past] vs. [+/-Finite]

... Upon closer examination, however, we can find tendencies in the (spoken) data for many verb types; even those types for which there is only one token in the data appear to conform to a few generalizations regarding the likelihood of being past-marked. These generalizations include the following: ...
An  Incremental Proceduml Grammar for Sentence Formulation GERARD  KEMPEN
An Incremental Proceduml Grammar for Sentence Formulation GERARD KEMPEN

... as broad as is possible by current standards of linguistic research. In particular, the device should incorporate an optimal solution to what has become one of the central issues in the theory of syntax: conditions or constraints on the applicatioan of rules (transformational and others). What prope ...
Session 3: Writing Conventions and Writing Strategies
Session 3: Writing Conventions and Writing Strategies

...  Study the rules of grammar provided here, and think of what a teacher with a red pen may choose. The test is looking for standard English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure.  Study the following information on combining sentences carefully. There are typically a few questions about combini ...
Variant 2 - Egypt IG Student Room
Variant 2 - Egypt IG Student Room

... (v) LISTS = a maximum of 3 marks for communication: lists of 1–3 items = 1 mark; lists of 4 items = 2 marks; lists of 5–6 items = 3 marks. • Je joue au tennis, au basket, au volley et au foot (1 verb, therefore treat as list of 4 items: place one tick over «volley» (third item in list) and another t ...
Created by: Joanne Warner Visit my website: www
Created by: Joanne Warner Visit my website: www

... board and went over the answers with my class – Monday – Thursday. We used the adopted language skill pages from our reading series as well. This took about 30 minutes of our language arts block. The rest of our language arts block was devoted to 6 Traits mini-lessons and writing time. I have includ ...
Re-cycling in the Encyclopedia
Re-cycling in the Encyclopedia

... Worse still, the ban on recycling prevents the definition of one concept from building on that of another concept. What about Pedal itself? It too needs a definition, but this will have to start from scratch, rather than building on the information about pedals in the definition for Bicycle. This is ...
Style Guide - Delta Sigma Pi
Style Guide - Delta Sigma Pi

... All similar words (alley, drive, road, terrace, etc.) are always spelled out. Capitalize them when part of a formal name without a number; lowercase when used alone or with two or more names. Abbreviate such words when appearing at the top of a letter or on an envelope. ...
`Genitive Absolute` in New Testament/Hellenistic Greek
`Genitive Absolute` in New Testament/Hellenistic Greek

... Hellenistic Greek.25 Instead of having one main verb with other actions around it all subordinated in participles, the tendency was to start giving each action its own independent clause, more like what is usually done today in English. An initial stage in this process could be to distance certain a ...
www.unige.ch
www.unige.ch

... put, while in the morning is an optional descriptor of the time at which the action was performed. Though both attached to the verb, the two PPs entertain different relationships with the verb – the first is an argument while the latter is an adjunct. Analogous examples could be built for attachment ...
THE SYARIAH FINANCIAL STUDIES
THE SYARIAH FINANCIAL STUDIES

... about, and how useful it will be. Virtually all books will have a short preface, or introduction, telling you something about the contents which can also help to identify the nature of the work. Some journals publish a brief abstract of an article at its beginning, which outlines the argument it con ...
Christiano Titoneli Santana TRANSLATION - Maxwell - PUC-Rio
Christiano Titoneli Santana TRANSLATION - Maxwell - PUC-Rio

... strategies have emerged to explain how translations occur and materialize. This work does not intend to present any final answer, to promote a certain perspective or to support any theory. It reports the result of analysis, discussion, and reflection stemming from studies, comparisons and theories r ...
0520 FRENCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE)  MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series
0520 FRENCH (FOREIGN LANGUAGE) MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series

... (v) LISTS = a maximum of 3 marks for communication: lists of 1–3 items = 1 mark; lists of 4 items = 2 marks; lists of 5–6 items = 3 marks. • Je joue au tennis, au basket, au volley et au foot (1 verb, therefore treat as list of 4 items: place one tick over «volley» (third item in list) and another t ...
resdep - Semantics Archive
resdep - Semantics Archive

... constructions. These two types of secondary predication contribute different semantic interpretations to event structure. The resultative element is an attribute which results from the process depicted by the verb, while the depictive element is ‘an attribute which characterizes the attribuant in re ...
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Spanish grammar

Spanish grammar is the grammar of the Spanish language (español, castellano), which is a Romance language that originated in north central Spain and is spoken today throughout Spain, some twenty countries in the Americas, and Equatorial Guinea.Spanish is an inflected language. The verbs are potentially marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in some fifty conjugated forms per verb). The nouns form a two-gender system and are marked for number. Pronouns can be inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and case, although the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system.Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in 1492 by the Andalusian linguist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca.The Real Academia Española (RAE) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography.Formal differences between Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the dialect of one area will have no difficulties using reasonably formal speech in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary.Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include DeBruyne (1996), Butt & Benjamin (2004), and Batchelor & San José (2010).
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