On Language and Connectionism
... units, the topology and weights of the connections among them, the functions by which activation levels are transformed in units and connections, and the learning (i.e. weight-adjustment) function are all that is "in" these models; one cannot easily point to rules, algorithms, expressions, and the l ...
... units, the topology and weights of the connections among them, the functions by which activation levels are transformed in units and connections, and the learning (i.e. weight-adjustment) function are all that is "in" these models; one cannot easily point to rules, algorithms, expressions, and the l ...
The Cambridge Learner Corpus - Error Coding and Analysis
... We are not attempting to rewrite the scripts into perfect English or to interpret the text. Often, things could be expressed better by paraphrase - this is not our task. We are only correcting and documenting errors. Equally, the coder must resist the temptation to make moral judgements about a stud ...
... We are not attempting to rewrite the scripts into perfect English or to interpret the text. Often, things could be expressed better by paraphrase - this is not our task. We are only correcting and documenting errors. Equally, the coder must resist the temptation to make moral judgements about a stud ...
Template form in prosodic morphology
... are provably non-templatic. They are analyzed instead in terms of two other notions from Prosodic Morphology theory, prosodic circumscription and a-templatic prosodic morphology. The Arabic and Akkadian verb system is even more radically non-templatic; just a single template underlies all verb forms ...
... are provably non-templatic. They are analyzed instead in terms of two other notions from Prosodic Morphology theory, prosodic circumscription and a-templatic prosodic morphology. The Arabic and Akkadian verb system is even more radically non-templatic; just a single template underlies all verb forms ...
paper
... Russian has comitative prepositional phrases which are VP-adjuncts consisting of the preposition s (with) and an instrumental case-marked NP. I will summarize the main arguments in favor of distinguishing adjunction from s-coordination. Some of these arguments have been mentioned in previous literat ...
... Russian has comitative prepositional phrases which are VP-adjuncts consisting of the preposition s (with) and an instrumental case-marked NP. I will summarize the main arguments in favor of distinguishing adjunction from s-coordination. Some of these arguments have been mentioned in previous literat ...
A Grammar of Proto-Germanic
... was assumed to be a direct reflex of the material published by Brugmann and others applying the same principles, rather than the reflex of an earlier language. We assume a single Germanic language, with a common core of speakers, on the basis of elements common to all its dialects such as ablaut in ...
... was assumed to be a direct reflex of the material published by Brugmann and others applying the same principles, rather than the reflex of an earlier language. We assume a single Germanic language, with a common core of speakers, on the basis of elements common to all its dialects such as ablaut in ...
FORMATIVE B
... a.Although I don't like to owe people money, I decline his offer of a loan. b.Although I don't like to owe people money, I accepted his offer of a loan. c.Although his offers of a loan, I don't take money. d.I didn't take the money since I don't like to owe people money. 28. (objective 14/4) “While ...
... a.Although I don't like to owe people money, I decline his offer of a loan. b.Although I don't like to owe people money, I accepted his offer of a loan. c.Although his offers of a loan, I don't take money. d.I didn't take the money since I don't like to owe people money. 28. (objective 14/4) “While ...
A Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactics and
... There are at least three distinct interpretations of the statement in (1): (1) “indentify is the base of identifiable. “ On the first interpretation, identify is the morphosyntactic base of the derived word identifiable: this statement is justified by the fact that a morphosyntactic property of iden ...
... There are at least three distinct interpretations of the statement in (1): (1) “indentify is the base of identifiable. “ On the first interpretation, identify is the morphosyntactic base of the derived word identifiable: this statement is justified by the fact that a morphosyntactic property of iden ...
HSK Grammatical relations Primus
... grammatical functions (e.g. Bresnan 2001), syntactic functions (e.g. Chomsky 1981) or syntactic relations. Common to all approaches to grammatical relations is that they have been considered to be relationships between two elements of a clause, so that subject is only a short term for the subject of ...
... grammatical functions (e.g. Bresnan 2001), syntactic functions (e.g. Chomsky 1981) or syntactic relations. Common to all approaches to grammatical relations is that they have been considered to be relationships between two elements of a clause, so that subject is only a short term for the subject of ...
New Chapter 1 - University of Arizona
... Optimality Theory (OT). This theory of grammar has been (mostly) used to explain phonological and morphological properties of languages, but few work has been devoted to the explanation of their syntactic properties. So, this dissertation pretend to be a contribution to OT literature. The patterns o ...
... Optimality Theory (OT). This theory of grammar has been (mostly) used to explain phonological and morphological properties of languages, but few work has been devoted to the explanation of their syntactic properties. So, this dissertation pretend to be a contribution to OT literature. The patterns o ...
compounds
... number, tense, degree, without involving a full semantic change (i.e. a change in meaning). i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes. paradigm Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the same word A paradigm is the complete set of related wordforms associated with a given lexeme ...
... number, tense, degree, without involving a full semantic change (i.e. a change in meaning). i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes. paradigm Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the same word A paradigm is the complete set of related wordforms associated with a given lexeme ...
gerund clauses - E
... Then, there is the verbal participial affix found in the progressive, as well as in small clauses and adjuncts (e.g., John being away, I was sad; I found her laughing). Finally there is the semi- ...
... Then, there is the verbal participial affix found in the progressive, as well as in small clauses and adjuncts (e.g., John being away, I was sad; I found her laughing). Finally there is the semi- ...
Agreement Morphology, Argument Structure and Syntax
... is in this respect very much like Montague grammar, and there is no derivation needed to get the surface strings right. However, as much as Montague grammar is apt at managing the connections between syntax and semantics, it becomes very problematic when we look at morphology. For some parts of morp ...
... is in this respect very much like Montague grammar, and there is no derivation needed to get the surface strings right. However, as much as Montague grammar is apt at managing the connections between syntax and semantics, it becomes very problematic when we look at morphology. For some parts of morp ...
When Swedes begin to learn German: from V2 to V2
... for a universal path of acquisition that always starts with SVO, regardless of the L1 (e.g. Meisel et al., 1981; Clahsen et al., 1983; Clahsen and Muysken, 1986; 1989). Others argued that there was nothing universal about the developmental route taken by these Romance learners: Italian, Spanish and ...
... for a universal path of acquisition that always starts with SVO, regardless of the L1 (e.g. Meisel et al., 1981; Clahsen et al., 1983; Clahsen and Muysken, 1986; 1989). Others argued that there was nothing universal about the developmental route taken by these Romance learners: Italian, Spanish and ...
24 Important Words and Phrases
... you to learn the material with ease and self-assurance. Just divide the lesson so that you allow an equal number of minutes for each major heading. Do not worry about memorizing all the words in every table. That would prove to be an impossible and frustrating task. Instead, use the lists for refere ...
... you to learn the material with ease and self-assurance. Just divide the lesson so that you allow an equal number of minutes for each major heading. Do not worry about memorizing all the words in every table. That would prove to be an impossible and frustrating task. Instead, use the lists for refere ...
Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction
... to say, *Lee is improbable to be elected? (In keeping with standard linguistic practice, we will use an asterisk to mark an expression that is not well-formed – that is, that doesn’t ‘sound good’ to our ears). Example 2: The sentences They saw Pat with Chris and They saw Pat and Chris are near parap ...
... to say, *Lee is improbable to be elected? (In keeping with standard linguistic practice, we will use an asterisk to mark an expression that is not well-formed – that is, that doesn’t ‘sound good’ to our ears). Example 2: The sentences They saw Pat with Chris and They saw Pat and Chris are near parap ...
Jita Narrative Discourse
... There were two neighbours. The first was called Chameleon. The second was called Hare. Hare had disdain. Note some other variations, shown in (3). The entire story is introduced with the temporal phrase Kara awo ‘There in the past’, followed by the normal locative verb, then by the postposed subject ...
... There were two neighbours. The first was called Chameleon. The second was called Hare. Hare had disdain. Note some other variations, shown in (3). The entire story is introduced with the temporal phrase Kara awo ‘There in the past’, followed by the normal locative verb, then by the postposed subject ...
9. THE VERB The verb is defined as a principal part of speech in the
... mood (finite forms, e.g. indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative and non-finite, e.g. infinitive, gerund, present participle, past participle); tense (present, present perfect, past tense, past perfect, future, future perfect) number (singular and plural), which is marked by the subject num ...
... mood (finite forms, e.g. indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative and non-finite, e.g. infinitive, gerund, present participle, past participle); tense (present, present perfect, past tense, past perfect, future, future perfect) number (singular and plural), which is marked by the subject num ...
COMPASS Placement Test Review Packet
... It is important that you review your knowledge before you take the test, particularly if you have not been in school for many years. Go over the following parts in this review packet to refresh your memory about the things you once knew. This packet is not designed to help you learn material that yo ...
... It is important that you review your knowledge before you take the test, particularly if you have not been in school for many years. Go over the following parts in this review packet to refresh your memory about the things you once knew. This packet is not designed to help you learn material that yo ...
Persian complex predicates and the limits of inheritance
... refer to the direct super-concept ‘animal’. The connections between concepts form a hierarchy, that is there is a most general concept that dominates sub-concepts. The sub-concepts are said to inherit information from their super-concepts, hence the name inheritance hierarchy. From the encyclopedia ...
... refer to the direct super-concept ‘animal’. The connections between concepts form a hierarchy, that is there is a most general concept that dominates sub-concepts. The sub-concepts are said to inherit information from their super-concepts, hence the name inheritance hierarchy. From the encyclopedia ...
Semantic Roles of Adverbial Participial Clauses
... long-term support and encouragement, with treatment sessions being noncontingent on repeats. (B30,332) Even if all the above factors are taken into consideration, differences between the interpretations of the participial adjunct by individual readers (or between several readings by the same person) ...
... long-term support and encouragement, with treatment sessions being noncontingent on repeats. (B30,332) Even if all the above factors are taken into consideration, differences between the interpretations of the participial adjunct by individual readers (or between several readings by the same person) ...
REFLEXIVITY IN ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 1
... When a personal pronoun refers to the same referent as a preceding pronoun or noun phrase within the same clause, it is usually replaced by a self-form (Mackenzie, 2007, p. 148). For example, some English self-forms are ‘myself’, ‘himself’ and ‘themselves’. Following König & Gasts definition of self ...
... When a personal pronoun refers to the same referent as a preceding pronoun or noun phrase within the same clause, it is usually replaced by a self-form (Mackenzie, 2007, p. 148). For example, some English self-forms are ‘myself’, ‘himself’ and ‘themselves’. Following König & Gasts definition of self ...
MumayyazEnglish
... . The girl who plays there , is my daughter -2 . I bought I have lost book which -3 . The boys who came are my friends -4 . my friend The girls who came are -5 . The student whose bicycle broke down asked for help -6 . This is the boy whose bike was stolen -7 . of noise This is the dog that makes a ...
... . The girl who plays there , is my daughter -2 . I bought I have lost book which -3 . The boys who came are my friends -4 . my friend The girls who came are -5 . The student whose bicycle broke down asked for help -6 . This is the boy whose bike was stolen -7 . of noise This is the dog that makes a ...
An outline of Proto-Indo-European
... influence of a North Caucasian substratum when its speakers moved from the area north of the Caspian Sea to the area north of the Black Sea (cf. Kortlandt 2007b). As a result, Indo-European developed a minimal vowel system combined with a very large consonant inventory including glottalized stops, a ...
... influence of a North Caucasian substratum when its speakers moved from the area north of the Caspian Sea to the area north of the Black Sea (cf. Kortlandt 2007b). As a result, Indo-European developed a minimal vowel system combined with a very large consonant inventory including glottalized stops, a ...
The Quantization Puzzle
... taken to be a grammatical category (see Spencer, 1991, for example), and if this also implies that it is an inflectional category, then prefixes cannot be aspectual morphemes, because such morphemes ought to have inflectional characteristics. Therefore, a prefixed perfective verb in Slavic languages ...
... taken to be a grammatical category (see Spencer, 1991, for example), and if this also implies that it is an inflectional category, then prefixes cannot be aspectual morphemes, because such morphemes ought to have inflectional characteristics. Therefore, a prefixed perfective verb in Slavic languages ...
Origins and development of adjectival passives in Spanish: A corpus
... when saw the turks those wicked that were. LOC already llegados al muro vinieron de todas partes come to the wall came of all parts ‘When the turks saw those wicked men who had already come to the wall, they came from everywhere.’ (Gran conquista de Ultramar, 1290) ...
... when saw the turks those wicked that were. LOC already llegados al muro vinieron de todas partes come to the wall came of all parts ‘When the turks saw those wicked men who had already come to the wall, they came from everywhere.’ (Gran conquista de Ultramar, 1290) ...