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Tema 1: Tecnologías LAN. - GRC
Tema 1: Tecnologías LAN. - GRC

... Voice & Data convergence on a single network infrastructure. Continual increase in number of users. Demand for higher connection speeds. Increase in traffic volumes. Ever-increasing number of ISP networks. ...
Layer 2 Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Data Link Frame

...  Connects routers to external networks.  The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including:  PPP  Frame Relay  HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control).  Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN interfaces.  Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses ...
Switching Concepts and LAN Design
Switching Concepts and LAN Design

... Latency has at least three sources: – First, there is the time it takes the source NIC to place voltage pulses on the wire and the time it takes the receiving NIC to interpret these pulses. This is sometimes called NIC delay. – Second, there is the actual propagation delay as the signal takes time t ...
Peer-to-Peer Internet Telephony using SIP
Peer-to-Peer Internet Telephony using SIP

3rd Edition: Chapter 4
3rd Edition: Chapter 4

...  Each node chooses next node on path  Packets with same destination address do not follow same route  May arrive out of sequence  Exit node or destination restores packets to original order  Packet may be destroyed in transit  Either exit node or destination detects loss and recovers ...
3rd Edition, Chapter 5
3rd Edition, Chapter 5

... that travels from A to B, specifying B as the destination. Each router along the path must make a routing decision based on B’s address This is the identical problem in IP In addition to simply forwarding the call setup packet, the goal is to assign the call a small identifier, which we now call the ...
Switching and Forwarding
Switching and Forwarding

... E.g. When receiving a frame from B, don’t forward to Port 2 ...
on public IP addresses
on public IP addresses

... • If two network interfaces are on the same physical network, they can communicate directly with one another at the MAC layer • In fact, each of the three primary IP address classes—namely A, B, and C— also has an associated default subnet mask Chapter 2 ...
CS244a: An Introduction to Computer Networks
CS244a: An Introduction to Computer Networks

... Aloha protocol is very simple, and fairly robust against failure of a host. The protocol is distributed among the hosts. Under low-load, we can expect the delay to be small. Under high-load, a lot of time is “wasted” sending packets ...
Design and performance analysis of distributed
Design and performance analysis of distributed

... channels, it is optimal in the sense of channel outage performance. It is then shown that the energy efficiency can be significantly improved at the cost of small degradation in the outage performance when selecting the relay as the node with the minimum spatial distance from the source. If WSN has ...
2.1 Idiosyncrasies of Ad Hoc Networks
2.1 Idiosyncrasies of Ad Hoc Networks

... operating system audit data to monitor and analyze the events generated by programs or users on the node. In the ad hoc networks, the useful audit data at the node include system and user activities within the mobile node, communication activities by this node, as well as communication activities wi ...
Trading Structure for Randomness in Wireless Opportunistic Routing
Trading Structure for Randomness in Wireless Opportunistic Routing

Link Layer - Southern Adventist University
Link Layer - Southern Adventist University

... (instead of IP address) to do forwarding – borrowing ideas from Virtual Circuit (VC) approach – but IP datagram still keeps IP address! ...
PPT - Computer Networking - A Top
PPT - Computer Networking - A Top

...  plane: JFK to Geneva  train: Geneva to Lausanne ...
Metro Ethernet Services
Metro Ethernet Services

... Ethernet is a standard communications protocol embedded in software and hardware devices, intended for building a Local Area Network (LAN). Ethernet transmits data at 10Mbps, Fast Ethernet supports up to 100Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet supports up to 1Gbps. ...
ppt
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... Heuristic 1: Unmark node v if – Node v and its neighborhood are included in the neighborhood of some node marked node u (then u will do the domination for v as well) – Node v has a smaller unique identifier than u (to break ties) Heuristic 2: Unmark node v if – Node v’s neighborhood is included in ...
CNF_MultiNet, Connecting to Multiple IEEE 802.11 Networks Using
CNF_MultiNet, Connecting to Multiple IEEE 802.11 Networks Using

... two networks and hops fast enough. IEEE 802.11 networks, on the other hand, have no such scheme as we described in Section III. The concept of virtualization has been studied in the context of operating systems. VMware [4] uses virtualization to run multiple operating systems on a single computer. D ...
ATN IPS assumptions and routing protocol considerations
ATN IPS assumptions and routing protocol considerations

... There is a feature available on Cisco routers that allows a router running BGP not to discard a routing update which contains its own AS number in the AS path. The configuration command specifies how many occurrences of its own AS number in the AS path the router will allow before it considers the r ...
PPTX - gozips.uakron.edu
PPTX - gozips.uakron.edu

... Hub is also physical-layer repeater: – A repeater: 1 port in and 1 port out (2 ports only) – What is Hub? – Hub: multiple-port repeater: bits coming in one link go out all other links at same rate – All nodes connected to hub can collide with one another – No frame buffering, no collision detection: ...
White Paper: Lightweight Protocol for Hardware
White Paper: Lightweight Protocol for Hardware

... itself automatically accordingly. When a client joins a multicast group for receiving a specific PID, it also joins a corresponding group that distributes the signal information from the tuner in charge. When there are multiple NetCeivers on a network segment, it is also necessary to synchronize all ...
SoC_CIGRE2014_140821
SoC_CIGRE2014_140821

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Ethernet - College of DuPage
Ethernet - College of DuPage

Ethernet
Ethernet

... Hexadecimal Numbering and Addressing  Hexadecimal is used to represent Ethernet MAC addresses and IP Version 6 addresses.  Hexadecimal ("Hex") is a way to represent binary values. –Decimal is a base ten numbering system –Binary is base two, –Hexadecimal is a base sixteen system. •It uses the numb ...
CPDLC latency times
CPDLC latency times

... Explanation of ground based NEMO NEMO (Network Mobility) is an extension to Mobile IPv6 that enables entire networks to attach at different points in a network and allowing every node on the Mobile Network to be reachable while moving around. This is implemented so that the Mobile Router, connecting ...
Optimal Spare Capacity Preconfiguration for Faster Restoration of
Optimal Spare Capacity Preconfiguration for Faster Restoration of

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IEEE 802.1aq

Shortest Path Bridging (SPB), specified in the IEEE 802.1aq standard, is a computer networking technology intended to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, while enabling multipath routing.For non-experts, or non-technical readers SPB is an IEEE standard that combines many functions of routing, bridging, load balancing (link aggregration, multi-chassis link aggregation, equal-cost multi-path routing, network virtualization) and tunneling (virtual routing and forwarding, stealth networks, layer-2 virtual service networks (L2VSN), and layer-3 virtual service networks (L3VSN)) into a single easy to configure protocol, which can yield a variety of benefits such as better fault tolerance, increased bandwidth, and improved security.Shortest Path Bridging is the replacement for the older spanning tree protocols (STP) (spanning tree protocol IEEE 802.1D, rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w, multiple spanning tree protocol (MSTP) IEEE 802.1s) that permitted only a single path toward the root bridge and blocked any redundant paths that could result in a layer 2 loop. SPB allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, and provides much larger layer 2 topologies (up to 16 million compared to the traditional virtual local area network (VLAN) limit of 4,096 specified in the IEEE standard 802.1Q). It also supports faster convergence times, and improves the efficiency of the mesh topologies through increased bandwidth and redundancy between all devices, allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network. To enhance resiliency in the access layer SPB can also be integrated with link aggregation functions, such as standards-based link aggregation (IEEE 802.1AX) and proprietary multi-chassis link aggregation (MC-LAG) implementations.The technology provides logical Ethernet networks on native Ethernet infrastructures using a link state protocol to advertise both topology and logical network membership. Packets are encapsulated at the edge either in media access control-in-media access control (MAC-in-MAC) 802.1ah or tagged 802.1Q/802.1ad frames and transported only to other members of the logical network. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are supported and all routing is on a symmetric shortest paths.The control plane is based on the Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), leveraging a small number of extensions defined in Request for Comments(RFC) 6329.
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