• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
DAGSKRÁ
DAGSKRÁ

... The fall of the banking sector and subsequent currency market guidelines issued by the Central Bank (CB) caused the currency market to being initially divided into a domestic (on-shore) and a foreign (off-shore) currency markets. ...
Russian Federation
Russian Federation

... in international oil prices and a contraction in external demand. Exports and imports declined by 35.5% and 37.3% respectively in 2009. As a result, the trade surplus almost halved in 2009 to US$134 billion compared with US$200 billion registered in 2008. Hydrocarbons exports accounted of more than ...
International Trade
International Trade

... Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)—2004, CAFTA has eliminated all tariffs on 80 percent of U.S. manufactured goods, with the remainder phased out over a few years. ...
Chapter 14
Chapter 14

... started to decline. As a result, even more firms could not repay their debts because they were denominated in dollars. • The value of many Southeast Asian currencies dropped by at least half, and production ground to a halt until the IMF created a payback mechanism. Once that happened, real growth p ...
a Global Challenge by David Vines [PPT 235.00KB]
a Global Challenge by David Vines [PPT 235.00KB]

... rates with de facto US dollar-pegged exchange rates. As a result, the ratio of short term external debt to foreign exchange reserves rose dramatically and the exposure to risk of “double mismatch” (maturity risk and currency risk) and when market perceptions changed in 1997 there was a sudden outflo ...
us dollar - Mises Institute
us dollar - Mises Institute

... majority of transactions in the foreign exchange market. As of April 2013, its share of all trades stood at 87 percent, far greater than its closest counterpart, the Euro (Bank of International Settlements, 2014). When it comes to global trade in goods and services, the U.S. dollar was used to settl ...
3d_Dong He presentation_10 Dec (Bob paper)
3d_Dong He presentation_10 Dec (Bob paper)

... infinitely against the backing of a stagnant stock of gold. This would cause a run on the currency, particularly if the shortterm liabilities were caused by current account deficits ...
Bahamas_en.pdf
Bahamas_en.pdf

... in 2010. The merchandise trade deficit widened by 8.0% in the wake of a 8.0% increase in imports, especially of non-fuel items, which outstripped the 7.9% rise in exports. This offset the improvement in the services surplus, which benefited from higher tourism receipts arising from the modest upturn ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... CHAPTER SIX NOTES I. INTRODUCTION A. WE DEPEND ON FOREIGN PRODUCTS FOR MANY OF OUR ACTIVITIES SUCH AS SUVs, COFFEE, COMPUTERS, FOODS, ETC. B. EVEN MANY “AMERICAN” PRODUCTS ARE MADE WITH FOREIGN COMPONENTS. WE CANNOT LIVE IN ISOLATION, WE DEPEND ON FOREIGN GOODS AND LABOR. II. LINKAGES A. SEVERAL ECO ...
EconS 327 Review for Test 2 1 Test 2 is scheduled for Friday, April
EconS 327 Review for Test 2 1 Test 2 is scheduled for Friday, April

... phenomena of exchange rate overshooting, the reason that the short term exchange rate (US $ per pound) will initially rise "too much" to $2.20 and subsequently fell to $2.10 is that the supply of British pounds became more elastic (S1 instead of S0). The reason the supply of pounds became more elast ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... (tesobonos). Now any devaluation would be the government’s problem. Super vulnerable to a financial market crisis; its foreign exchange reserves had fallen to $12.9 billion,18 while it had tesobono obligations of $28.7 billion maturing in ...
Bolivia_en.pdf
Bolivia_en.pdf

... the decade. In 2010, the real effective exchange-rate index in the Plurinational State of Bolivia declined by 3.5%. Up to February 2011, it was maintained at similar levels to those registered in late 2010. ...
New Keynesian Economics
New Keynesian Economics

... • The interest rate term might seem counter-intuitive; but, recall that the real rate is assumed to be constant so a rise in i means an increase in expected inflation, which, in turn, reduces the desirability of holding home’s currency • Also, for a country that is not inflating, rising rates of GDP ...
PROBLEM SET 6 14.02 Macroeconomics May 3, 2006 Due May 10, 2006
PROBLEM SET 6 14.02 Macroeconomics May 3, 2006 Due May 10, 2006

... May 3, 2006 Due May 10, 2006 I. Answer each as True, False, or Uncertain, and explain your choice. 1. The United States finances its current account deficit by increasing its holdings of foreign assets. 2. The higher productivity and output of another country is a threat to the prosperity of the US. ...
Week 5 Lecture Notes
Week 5 Lecture Notes

... • Intermediate options include adjustable fixed rates and managed floating rates • Governments intervene in the market by buying and selling their own currency (and those of other countries) • Maintaining a fixed exchange rate when there is a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments ...
Homework Quiz 7
Homework Quiz 7

... list 3 richest and 3 poorest economies in the world (per capita GDP), include numbers ...
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS ON VIETNAM’S ECONOMY
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS ON VIETNAM’S ECONOMY

... FINANCIAL CRISIS AND STABILITY What are the threats to peace and stability? Vietnam Government emphasizes on non- traditional security problems:  Food, energy, financial security  Poverty  Inequality ...
Macroeconomic Vulnerability and the Rupee’s Decline C.P. Chandrasekhar
Macroeconomic Vulnerability and the Rupee’s Decline C.P. Chandrasekhar

... India’s vulnerability to the effects of changes in international prices has increased with trade liberalisation. Increased concentration due to the dilution of anti-trust measures and reduced regulation tend to encourage a profit driven escalation in the prices of certain manufactured goods, as exe ...
Document
Document

... •Adopting of the exchange rate basket of the US dollar and the Euro as a nominal anchor ...
SYBCOM (II) - KM Agrawal College
SYBCOM (II) - KM Agrawal College

... 1.Industrial Reforms 2.Public Sector Reform & Disinvestment 3.Trade & Capital Flows Reforms 4.Financial Sector Reforms A. Banking Sector Reforms B. Capital Market Reforms C. Insurance Sector Reforms ...
Review Questions Chapter 16
Review Questions Chapter 16

... d. What money supply should the Fed set next year if it wants inflation of ...
seminsar_Mar10_Bhanupong
seminsar_Mar10_Bhanupong

... Corporate income tax cut for newly listed companies in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) from 30% to 25% for three accounting years  Corporate income tax cut for existing companies in the SET from 30% to 25% for profit below Bt300 million for three accounting years  Depreciation allowance for m ...
lecture notes
lecture notes

... • Thailand—CB reserves depleted, rolling over government debt • S. Korea—rolling over foreign-currency denominated bank liabilities • Indonesia—corporations attempt to hedge their currency positions ...
Chapter 2 Notes
Chapter 2 Notes

... trade in merchandise and services, private gifts, and public aid between countries • trade deficit • trade surplus – Capital account – record of all long-term direct investment, portfolio investment, and capital flows ...
April 4/6
April 4/6

... Real exchange rate = E P*/P where P* is in dollars and P is in pesos. If both remain fixed, then the percentage change in the real exchange rate is the same as the percentage change in E. If export prices are partly in pesos and partly in dollars then we are facing two sets of goods. Call the first ...
< 1 ... 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report