1. Products of Amino Acid Transamination Name
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
Calvin cycle
... known (erroneously) as the "dark reaction" or "dark stage," uses the energy from short-lived electronically-excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[2] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fi ...
... known (erroneously) as the "dark reaction" or "dark stage," uses the energy from short-lived electronically-excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[2] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fi ...
OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION
... The scale runs from 0 to 14 with 0 being highest in acidity and 14 lowest. When the pH is in the range of 0 -7, a solution is said to be acidic; if the pH is around 7, the solution is neutral; and if the pH is in the range of 7-14, the solution is basic. Amino acid side chains contain groups, such a ...
... The scale runs from 0 to 14 with 0 being highest in acidity and 14 lowest. When the pH is in the range of 0 -7, a solution is said to be acidic; if the pH is around 7, the solution is neutral; and if the pH is in the range of 7-14, the solution is basic. Amino acid side chains contain groups, such a ...
darkreactions
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
Slide 1
... • The fatty acid product released from FAS is palmitate (a 16:0 fatty acid, i.e. 16 carbons and no sites of unsaturation) • Elongation and unsaturation of fatty acids occurs in both the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum • The predominant site of these processes the ER membranes • Elongation ...
... • The fatty acid product released from FAS is palmitate (a 16:0 fatty acid, i.e. 16 carbons and no sites of unsaturation) • Elongation and unsaturation of fatty acids occurs in both the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum • The predominant site of these processes the ER membranes • Elongation ...
Gluconeogenesis
... process takes place in two cellular compartments. The first enzyme is pyruvate carboxylase, the second is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. ...
... process takes place in two cellular compartments. The first enzyme is pyruvate carboxylase, the second is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. ...
BioAssay Systems Kinase
... and 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Z’ factors of > 0.6 are routinely observed in 96/384-well plates. Can be readily automated on HTS liquid handling systems for tens of thousands of assays per day. ...
... and 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Z’ factors of > 0.6 are routinely observed in 96/384-well plates. Can be readily automated on HTS liquid handling systems for tens of thousands of assays per day. ...
Structure and function of the chloroplast signal recognition particle
... interface for a variety of different protein substrates (reviewed in Bork 1993; Sedgwick and Smerdon 1999). The chromodomain is a 30–70 amino acid motif found in various proteins involved in the regulation of chromatin structure by protein-protein interactions (Koonin et al. 1995; Eissenberg and Elgi ...
... interface for a variety of different protein substrates (reviewed in Bork 1993; Sedgwick and Smerdon 1999). The chromodomain is a 30–70 amino acid motif found in various proteins involved in the regulation of chromatin structure by protein-protein interactions (Koonin et al. 1995; Eissenberg and Elgi ...
Peptide microarrays for detailed, high-throughput
... Figure 2: Time course of PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation on the array for a number of peptides representing known protein phosphorylation substrates. The peptide ID is based on the UniProt Knowledgebase, and the numbers indicate the position of the first and last amino acids of the peptide in the comp ...
... Figure 2: Time course of PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation on the array for a number of peptides representing known protein phosphorylation substrates. The peptide ID is based on the UniProt Knowledgebase, and the numbers indicate the position of the first and last amino acids of the peptide in the comp ...
Chapter 2 - Questions
... Increasing the concentration of an enzyme's substrate (up to a point) would ___________ the reaction. ...
... Increasing the concentration of an enzyme's substrate (up to a point) would ___________ the reaction. ...
Energy - Moodle NTOU
... • The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism • Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources ...
... • The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism • Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... Substrate: Reactant(s) an enzyme is acting on ex. what is the substrate sucrase acts on? Active Site: The location on the enzyme where the substrate binds Enzyme-Substrate Complex: An enzyme with its substrate attached to the active site ...
... Substrate: Reactant(s) an enzyme is acting on ex. what is the substrate sucrase acts on? Active Site: The location on the enzyme where the substrate binds Enzyme-Substrate Complex: An enzyme with its substrate attached to the active site ...
FEBS Letters
... synthetase reactions. In exchange, a disaccharide and glutamate were said to be transported from vegetative cells to heterocysts [l-3]. The latter statement is not so well substantiated by experimental findings as the former. The disaccharide has not yet been identified. The evidence for the transpo ...
... synthetase reactions. In exchange, a disaccharide and glutamate were said to be transported from vegetative cells to heterocysts [l-3]. The latter statement is not so well substantiated by experimental findings as the former. The disaccharide has not yet been identified. The evidence for the transpo ...
Chapter 10 Enzymes - Angelo State University
... lowering the activation energy of a reaction, allowing it to achieve equilibrium more rapidly. ...
... lowering the activation energy of a reaction, allowing it to achieve equilibrium more rapidly. ...
Chapter 1
... • The acylcarnitine crosses into the mitochondrial matrix via a carrier protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane • Fatty acyl CoA is regenerated once in the matrix, in another transesterification reaction catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferase II ...
... • The acylcarnitine crosses into the mitochondrial matrix via a carrier protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane • Fatty acyl CoA is regenerated once in the matrix, in another transesterification reaction catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferase II ...
Role of TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt for succinic acid production
... ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is formed as a by-product. This gas is important in the fermentation of dough and is responsib ...
... ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is formed as a by-product. This gas is important in the fermentation of dough and is responsib ...
31P n.m.r. analysis of the renal response to respiratory acidosis
... confined to cytosol. Hence, pH measurements reported below reflect cytosolic pH and not that of the mitochondrion. Intracellular pH, initially 7.2 (perfusate pH 7.4), fell to 6.8 (perfusate 6.85) when acidosis was introduced. No changes in ATP or other phosphorylated intermediates were detectable by ...
... confined to cytosol. Hence, pH measurements reported below reflect cytosolic pH and not that of the mitochondrion. Intracellular pH, initially 7.2 (perfusate pH 7.4), fell to 6.8 (perfusate 6.85) when acidosis was introduced. No changes in ATP or other phosphorylated intermediates were detectable by ...
Slide 1
... – Clinical research has shown no evidence of carcinogenic effects with administration of alpha lipoic acid. Serious side effects have not been observed, even at high doses. Minor side effects include skin reactions and gastrointestinal effects, such as nausea and vomiting. ...
... – Clinical research has shown no evidence of carcinogenic effects with administration of alpha lipoic acid. Serious side effects have not been observed, even at high doses. Minor side effects include skin reactions and gastrointestinal effects, such as nausea and vomiting. ...
lec39_2013 - Andrew.cmu.edu
... 1. Charged tRNAs are selected by ribosomes solely through codonanticodon interactions. 2. Degeneracy at the third position of codon-anticodon pairing allows multiple codons/tRNA. Example: pairing combinations for tRNAPhe (superscript ‘Phe’ indicates that this tRNA will be attached to Phenylalanine.) ...
... 1. Charged tRNAs are selected by ribosomes solely through codonanticodon interactions. 2. Degeneracy at the third position of codon-anticodon pairing allows multiple codons/tRNA. Example: pairing combinations for tRNAPhe (superscript ‘Phe’ indicates that this tRNA will be attached to Phenylalanine.) ...
The Microbiological Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
... shed on these particular enzymes. Ichihara, Adachi, Hosokawa & Takeda (1962) prepared active cell-free systems which oxidatively decarboxylated these acids and caused ring cleavage of the resulting catechol. If meta-substituted benzoates were used as substrates, the oxidase preparations converted th ...
... shed on these particular enzymes. Ichihara, Adachi, Hosokawa & Takeda (1962) prepared active cell-free systems which oxidatively decarboxylated these acids and caused ring cleavage of the resulting catechol. If meta-substituted benzoates were used as substrates, the oxidase preparations converted th ...
Chapter 28 Slides
... However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentrations of metabolites low Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentrations of metabolites low Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
Pseudoatom-driven solvent accessibility refinement (PaDSAR) Method
... Patching and solvating the full-length models with pseudoatoms Two categories of pseudoatoms are introduced in the system, i.e., spin-label pseudoatoms and environment pseudoatoms [1], as summarized in Table 1. The spin-label pseudoatoms are further classified into five different types, denoted EP1, ...
... Patching and solvating the full-length models with pseudoatoms Two categories of pseudoatoms are introduced in the system, i.e., spin-label pseudoatoms and environment pseudoatoms [1], as summarized in Table 1. The spin-label pseudoatoms are further classified into five different types, denoted EP1, ...
The role of the C8 proton of ATP in the catalysis of shikimate kinase
... binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzy ...
... binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzy ...
LIPID METABOLISM BIOSYNTHESIS or DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF
... polymer. Citrate promotes polymer formation, hence increases FA synthesis. Palmitoyl CoA and malonyl CoA causes depolymerisation of the enzyme and inhibit FA synthesis. ...
... polymer. Citrate promotes polymer formation, hence increases FA synthesis. Palmitoyl CoA and malonyl CoA causes depolymerisation of the enzyme and inhibit FA synthesis. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.