Metabolism—the lost child of cardiology∗
... which the energy content of fuels is transferred to the high energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Metabolism and contraction of the heart are therefore inseparably linked, which means that ATP must be continuously remade by the dynamo of metabolism. The high turnover rate of ATP m ...
... which the energy content of fuels is transferred to the high energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Metabolism and contraction of the heart are therefore inseparably linked, which means that ATP must be continuously remade by the dynamo of metabolism. The high turnover rate of ATP m ...
Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts
... metabolic responses to reduced myocardial blood flow. The model is based on mass balances and reaction kinetics that describe transport and metabolic processes of 31 key chemical species in cardiac tissue. The model has three distinct domains (blood, cytosol, and mitochondria) with interdomain trans ...
... metabolic responses to reduced myocardial blood flow. The model is based on mass balances and reaction kinetics that describe transport and metabolic processes of 31 key chemical species in cardiac tissue. The model has three distinct domains (blood, cytosol, and mitochondria) with interdomain trans ...
Metabolic flexibility and carnitine flux: The role of carnitine
... muscle, CrAT converts excessive acetylCoA to acetylcarnitine and promotes its mitochondrial and cellular efflux (Figure 1a). However, in CrAT-deficient muscle, acetyl-CoA was not converted to its permeable form and was not excreted from mitochondria or cells. This led to the overaccumulation of acetyl ...
... muscle, CrAT converts excessive acetylCoA to acetylcarnitine and promotes its mitochondrial and cellular efflux (Figure 1a). However, in CrAT-deficient muscle, acetyl-CoA was not converted to its permeable form and was not excreted from mitochondria or cells. This led to the overaccumulation of acetyl ...
Kinetic Rate Reaction
... The enzyme tests that have proven to be most helpful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction are: creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD or LDH), isoenzyme CK-MB, and isoenzymes of LD (flipped pattern). Some of the enzyme activities increase early ...
... The enzyme tests that have proven to be most helpful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction are: creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD or LDH), isoenzyme CK-MB, and isoenzymes of LD (flipped pattern). Some of the enzyme activities increase early ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... control for assays of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, isocitrate lyase (assay c) and malate synthase (data not shown). Likewise, an E. gracilis cell-free extract was used as a positive control for 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase and NAD(P)-linked SSA dehydrogenase (data not shown). ...
... control for assays of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, isocitrate lyase (assay c) and malate synthase (data not shown). Likewise, an E. gracilis cell-free extract was used as a positive control for 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase and NAD(P)-linked SSA dehydrogenase (data not shown). ...
Bio Exam 4 Study Guide- Question Format Fatty acid Synthesis
... 1. Where does fatty acid synthesis mainly occur? a. Liver 2. What is the starting material for FA Synthesis? a. Acetyl CoA 3. What reducing cofactor is used in the liver FA synthesis process? a. NADPH 4. FA synthesis occurs by adding two addition carbon units. This leads to predominantly what type o ...
... 1. Where does fatty acid synthesis mainly occur? a. Liver 2. What is the starting material for FA Synthesis? a. Acetyl CoA 3. What reducing cofactor is used in the liver FA synthesis process? a. NADPH 4. FA synthesis occurs by adding two addition carbon units. This leads to predominantly what type o ...
PROTEOGLYCANS AND GLYCOPROTEINS
... Sialic acid in glycoproteins is added from CMP-NANA. These additions are catalyzed by specific glycosyltransferases. For synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins, addition is direct. For N-linked glycoproteins, the chain is formed on dolichol pyrophosphate and then transferred to the protein. ...
... Sialic acid in glycoproteins is added from CMP-NANA. These additions are catalyzed by specific glycosyltransferases. For synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins, addition is direct. For N-linked glycoproteins, the chain is formed on dolichol pyrophosphate and then transferred to the protein. ...
No Slide Title
... Branched-chain aminotransferase a-keto acids Branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex acylCoA derivatives ...
... Branched-chain aminotransferase a-keto acids Branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex acylCoA derivatives ...
A. Introduction
... continual support of the patent plant as they grow. Survivorship is higher in plants produced from runners than those produced from seed. Parthenogenesis is another form of asexual reproduction. Parthenogenesis is the development of an organism from an unfertilized egg. Parthenogenesis always result ...
... continual support of the patent plant as they grow. Survivorship is higher in plants produced from runners than those produced from seed. Parthenogenesis is another form of asexual reproduction. Parthenogenesis is the development of an organism from an unfertilized egg. Parthenogenesis always result ...
28 Gluconeogenesis In animals, glucose is required by the brain
... circulating levels of glucose, additional glucose must be released from the liver. The liver has some glucose stored in the form of glycogen but these stores only last for about 12 hours in the absence of dietary glucose. Considerably before the glucose stores have been consumed, the organism must b ...
... circulating levels of glucose, additional glucose must be released from the liver. The liver has some glucose stored in the form of glycogen but these stores only last for about 12 hours in the absence of dietary glucose. Considerably before the glucose stores have been consumed, the organism must b ...
Chapter 1 – Title of Chapter
... scientist who elucidated this pathway. coupled reactions: pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transport ...
... scientist who elucidated this pathway. coupled reactions: pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transport ...
Seminars in Cancer Biology Mitochondria in cancer: Not just
... express high levels of the lipogenic enzymes ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase [10–13]. Importantly, TCA cycle-derived citrate is the only source for the cytosolic acetyl-CoA required for lipid biosynthesis (Fig. 1). Increased protein production involves de novo synth ...
... express high levels of the lipogenic enzymes ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase [10–13]. Importantly, TCA cycle-derived citrate is the only source for the cytosolic acetyl-CoA required for lipid biosynthesis (Fig. 1). Increased protein production involves de novo synth ...
Identification of psbI and psbL gene products in cyanobacterial
... at 415 nm and at 539 nm as compared with those in the original core complex (fig.1). The 415 nm peak may be attributed to the Soret band absorption of both pheophytin and cytochrome b-559, while the 539 nm peak is due to pheophytin, as in the higher plant PS II reaction center complex [7]. Notably, ...
... at 415 nm and at 539 nm as compared with those in the original core complex (fig.1). The 415 nm peak may be attributed to the Soret band absorption of both pheophytin and cytochrome b-559, while the 539 nm peak is due to pheophytin, as in the higher plant PS II reaction center complex [7]. Notably, ...
Chapter 15 Cori and Alanine Cycles: Cori Cycle: Occurs between
... The first step occurs in the mitochondria. The oxaloacetate formed must then be transported to the cytosol where the rest of the enzymes for gluconeogenesis are located. Oxaloacetate is converted to malate (by malate dehydrogenase); malate is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane to th ...
... The first step occurs in the mitochondria. The oxaloacetate formed must then be transported to the cytosol where the rest of the enzymes for gluconeogenesis are located. Oxaloacetate is converted to malate (by malate dehydrogenase); malate is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane to th ...
Lecture 8: 9/9
... The affinity label tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone(TPCK) covalently modifies histidine 57 in chymotrypsin, leading to a loss of enzyme activity. ...
... The affinity label tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone(TPCK) covalently modifies histidine 57 in chymotrypsin, leading to a loss of enzyme activity. ...
Gluconeogenesis - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low ...
... Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low ...
Chapter 7
... particularly the placement of membrane proteins, which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions • In 1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
... particularly the placement of membrane proteins, which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions • In 1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
AP Biology Cell Unit Exam - Speedway High School
... 7) Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H + into which location in eukaryotic cells? A) mitochondrial matrix B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) cytosol D) mitochondrial inner membrane E) mitochondrial intermembrane space 8) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synth ...
... 7) Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H + into which location in eukaryotic cells? A) mitochondrial matrix B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) cytosol D) mitochondrial inner membrane E) mitochondrial intermembrane space 8) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synth ...
Vitamins and Coenzymes - Rose
... Some, although not all, animal carboxylase enzymes (enzymes that add CO2 to substrates) require the water-soluble vitamin biotin. Biotin is covalently attached to the enzyme by an amide link to a lysine side chain. O ...
... Some, although not all, animal carboxylase enzymes (enzymes that add CO2 to substrates) require the water-soluble vitamin biotin. Biotin is covalently attached to the enzyme by an amide link to a lysine side chain. O ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... the plasma membrane fatty acid transporter CD36 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases I & II (required for transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for various chain lengths of fatty acids Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for medium & short chain length fatty acids Medium ...
... the plasma membrane fatty acid transporter CD36 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases I & II (required for transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for various chain lengths of fatty acids Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenases for medium & short chain length fatty acids Medium ...
Oxidation of Fatty Acids Is the Source of Increased
... change in mitochondrial content in kidney tubules. Substrate processing rather than the mitochondrial ETC is changed in kidney tubules in diabetes. Diabetic tubule kidney mitochondria oxidizing glutamate have higher state 3 respiratory rates compared with the control (Table 2). The ADP-to-oxygen rat ...
... change in mitochondrial content in kidney tubules. Substrate processing rather than the mitochondrial ETC is changed in kidney tubules in diabetes. Diabetic tubule kidney mitochondria oxidizing glutamate have higher state 3 respiratory rates compared with the control (Table 2). The ADP-to-oxygen rat ...
Block 1 Unit 2 Objectives Bone Tissue Objectives List and describe
... 1. The three types of muscle tissue are Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth. Skeletal muscle causes movement/stature of the body. They act on bone tissue to exert a force in a direction. They are striated muscle tissue in that the myofibrils are organized and inline with one another. They are multinuclea ...
... 1. The three types of muscle tissue are Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth. Skeletal muscle causes movement/stature of the body. They act on bone tissue to exert a force in a direction. They are striated muscle tissue in that the myofibrils are organized and inline with one another. They are multinuclea ...
1. Products of Amino Acid Transamination Name
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
... Answer Lactate and alanine are converted to pyruvate by their respective dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase, producing pyruvate and NADH + H+ and, in the case of alanine, NH4+. Complete oxidation of 1 mol of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O produces 12.5 mol of ATP via the citric ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.