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Bio II Elodea Lab: Photosynthesis and Cellular
... electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 and creates a ___________gradient across the membrane. For each electron pair passing down the chain from NADH, enough force is generated to produce ________ ATPs. Since it donates electrons electrons at a lower energy level, FADH2 is worth only_______ ATPs. ...
... electrons from the reduced NADH and FADH2 and creates a ___________gradient across the membrane. For each electron pair passing down the chain from NADH, enough force is generated to produce ________ ATPs. Since it donates electrons electrons at a lower energy level, FADH2 is worth only_______ ATPs. ...
BOTANY DEPARTMENT - university of nairobi staff profiles
... Define homeostatis, differentiate between Homoeotherms and Poikilotherms Distinguish different modes autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition Understand anaerobic and aerobic metabolism and its importance A good understanding of biological reductive and oxidative reactions. Evaluate the function of A ...
... Define homeostatis, differentiate between Homoeotherms and Poikilotherms Distinguish different modes autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition Understand anaerobic and aerobic metabolism and its importance A good understanding of biological reductive and oxidative reactions. Evaluate the function of A ...
Enzymes I
... o Substrates bind in a cleft of the protein called the binding site, also known as the catalytic or active site of the enzyme. o Catalysis usually involves the actions of one or more amino acid residues with reactive side chains (usually ser, cys, his, lys, glu, asp) that are specifically located ne ...
... o Substrates bind in a cleft of the protein called the binding site, also known as the catalytic or active site of the enzyme. o Catalysis usually involves the actions of one or more amino acid residues with reactive side chains (usually ser, cys, his, lys, glu, asp) that are specifically located ne ...
Chapter 4 The Importance of High
... -energy Æ heat or chemical bonds in coupled reactions, useful when coupled or useless (소용없는) when not coupled -coupled reaction is achieved by two or more successive (연속적인) reactions Æ group transfer reaction, in which always involves molecular exchange (교환) of functional groups (A-X) + (B-Y) Æ (A-B ...
... -energy Æ heat or chemical bonds in coupled reactions, useful when coupled or useless (소용없는) when not coupled -coupled reaction is achieved by two or more successive (연속적인) reactions Æ group transfer reaction, in which always involves molecular exchange (교환) of functional groups (A-X) + (B-Y) Æ (A-B ...
Atomic Structure
... 5. Are nutritious and found in eggs and seeds 6. Hormones are proteins that signal changes in cell activities ...
... 5. Are nutritious and found in eggs and seeds 6. Hormones are proteins that signal changes in cell activities ...
Chapter 4 The Importance of High
... The value of P~P release in nucleic acid synthesis -needed free energy comes from the splitting (분열) of PPi group P~P Æ 2P (ΔG = -7 kcal/mole) -reactions with small, positive ΔG value are often part of important metabolic pathway in which they are followed by reactions with large negative ΔG value - ...
... The value of P~P release in nucleic acid synthesis -needed free energy comes from the splitting (분열) of PPi group P~P Æ 2P (ΔG = -7 kcal/mole) -reactions with small, positive ΔG value are often part of important metabolic pathway in which they are followed by reactions with large negative ΔG value - ...
Document
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of many organisms but in the chloroplasts of plant • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in t ...
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of many organisms but in the chloroplasts of plant • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in t ...
Environmental Microbiology – Seminar 31.10
... 1) What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Explain the mechanism and give examples. In fermentation, energy is gained via substrate level phosphorylation. E.g, Phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP and Pi to Pyruvate and ATP. 2) What happens if there is no O2 in the body? ...
... 1) What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Explain the mechanism and give examples. In fermentation, energy is gained via substrate level phosphorylation. E.g, Phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP and Pi to Pyruvate and ATP. 2) What happens if there is no O2 in the body? ...
ENERGY Physiology Function:workàlive -grows(mitosis)
... Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways -Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) ...
... Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways -Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) ...
Carbohydrates
... Macromolecule made of lipids and proteins Hydrophilic allows fats to be sheilded from the ...
... Macromolecule made of lipids and proteins Hydrophilic allows fats to be sheilded from the ...
`Metabolic flux` describes the rate of flow of intermediates through a
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge ...
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge ...
Water - University of California, Los Angeles
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge ...
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge ...
The Periodic Table
... The atomic number tells the number of protons in the atom. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods The vertical columns are called families or groups Elements in the same family have similar chemical ...
... The atomic number tells the number of protons in the atom. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods The vertical columns are called families or groups Elements in the same family have similar chemical ...
C383 Study Guide for the Final Exam Spring 2016 Basic Information
... 9. Integrated metabolism A. A molecule of glutamate that you eat can eventually be transformed into part of a glucose molecule that you store in your liver. Circle the pathways/cycles below that are part of this overall transformation. Cross out any that are not. Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate ...
... 9. Integrated metabolism A. A molecule of glutamate that you eat can eventually be transformed into part of a glucose molecule that you store in your liver. Circle the pathways/cycles below that are part of this overall transformation. Cross out any that are not. Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate ...
K,7th Grade Test Review: Atoms and Chemical Reactions PART
... 1. __________ is the smallest unit of an element that is still that element. 2. __________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into similar substances by physical or chemical changes. 3. Protons and neutrons have a __________ of 1 unit. Electrons have almost none. 4. An atom with more protons ...
... 1. __________ is the smallest unit of an element that is still that element. 2. __________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into similar substances by physical or chemical changes. 3. Protons and neutrons have a __________ of 1 unit. Electrons have almost none. 4. An atom with more protons ...
1 glucose 2 molecules acetyl CoA
... glucose 1-phosphate, so cannot leave muscle or heart cells. • The liver has an enzyme called glucose 6phosphatase that removes the phosphate so glucose can reenter the bloodstream. ...
... glucose 1-phosphate, so cannot leave muscle or heart cells. • The liver has an enzyme called glucose 6phosphatase that removes the phosphate so glucose can reenter the bloodstream. ...
ATP - Luzzago
... The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts. ...
... The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts. ...
Chapter 7 - Coenzymes
... There are other groups that contribute to the reactivity of enzymes beside amino acid residues. These groups are called cofactors - chemicals required by apoenzymes (inactive) to become holoenzymes (active). There are two types of cofactors: 1) essential ions - metal ions -inorganic 2) coenzymes - o ...
... There are other groups that contribute to the reactivity of enzymes beside amino acid residues. These groups are called cofactors - chemicals required by apoenzymes (inactive) to become holoenzymes (active). There are two types of cofactors: 1) essential ions - metal ions -inorganic 2) coenzymes - o ...
Islamic University of Gaza Advanced Biochemistry Faculty of
... E. Why does citric acid cycle only operate when there is oxygen present? Be sure to include the regulatory mechanisms of the cycle in your discussion. (2 points) Answer: Although the Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen, it can only take place when oxygen is present because it relies on by- ...
... E. Why does citric acid cycle only operate when there is oxygen present? Be sure to include the regulatory mechanisms of the cycle in your discussion. (2 points) Answer: Although the Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen, it can only take place when oxygen is present because it relies on by- ...
Spring 97, Exam 1
... (c; 4 pts) If the volume of the compartment is 10-17 liters, how many protons are in it at pH 5? If the single ATP synthase in the membrane can allow 10 protons per second to exit the compartment, how long can ATP synthesis continue once NADH oxidation is shut off? ...
... (c; 4 pts) If the volume of the compartment is 10-17 liters, how many protons are in it at pH 5? If the single ATP synthase in the membrane can allow 10 protons per second to exit the compartment, how long can ATP synthesis continue once NADH oxidation is shut off? ...
chemisty_ass_2
... 8c.(i). Shielding and Screening effect of the inner electrons: Down a group, the shielding of outer electrons by inner electrons overcomes the influence on the increasing nuclear charge, thus the outer electron is shielded from the nucleus by the repelling effect of the inner electrons. Across the g ...
... 8c.(i). Shielding and Screening effect of the inner electrons: Down a group, the shielding of outer electrons by inner electrons overcomes the influence on the increasing nuclear charge, thus the outer electron is shielded from the nucleus by the repelling effect of the inner electrons. Across the g ...
Glycolysis PP
... • Glycolysis certainly evolved in prokaryotes before oxygenation of the atmosphere • Probably one of the very first complex biochemical pathways (>3.5 BYA) • Evidence? – Almost universal. – No requirement for O2: it is an anaerobic process, even when used by aerobic organisms. – Must predate photosy ...
... • Glycolysis certainly evolved in prokaryotes before oxygenation of the atmosphere • Probably one of the very first complex biochemical pathways (>3.5 BYA) • Evidence? – Almost universal. – No requirement for O2: it is an anaerobic process, even when used by aerobic organisms. – Must predate photosy ...
Fatty Acid Degradation Catabolism Overview TAG and FA
... • A deficiency of carnitine results in muscle cramps, which are exacerbated by fasting or exercise. Give a biochemical explanation for the muscle cramping, and explain why cramping increases during fasting and exercise. ...
... • A deficiency of carnitine results in muscle cramps, which are exacerbated by fasting or exercise. Give a biochemical explanation for the muscle cramping, and explain why cramping increases during fasting and exercise. ...
“Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Map” Use the terms below
... Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed ideas. Additionally, a connecting phrase describes the relationship between each of the terms. Use all of the terms below (each should be in a box or bubble) to create a concept map about photosynthesis and r ...
... Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed ideas. Additionally, a connecting phrase describes the relationship between each of the terms. Use all of the terms below (each should be in a box or bubble) to create a concept map about photosynthesis and r ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.