Analytical Chemistry
... solvent is critically dependent upon the tendency of the latter to donate or accept protons. Thus, for example, ,perchloric, hydrochloric, and hydrobromic acid are all classified as strong acids in water. If anhydrous acetic acid, a poorer proton acceptor than water, is used as the solvent, none of ...
... solvent is critically dependent upon the tendency of the latter to donate or accept protons. Thus, for example, ,perchloric, hydrochloric, and hydrobromic acid are all classified as strong acids in water. If anhydrous acetic acid, a poorer proton acceptor than water, is used as the solvent, none of ...
Amines and amino acids
... 3) Hofmann eliminations: Alkenes from quaternary ammonium salts Quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared from amines using alkyl halides, such as an excess of CH3I. NR3+ becomes a leaving group In the presence of base ( – OH or Ag2O), β-elimination by E2 pathway occurs This reaction was mor ...
... 3) Hofmann eliminations: Alkenes from quaternary ammonium salts Quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared from amines using alkyl halides, such as an excess of CH3I. NR3+ becomes a leaving group In the presence of base ( – OH or Ag2O), β-elimination by E2 pathway occurs This reaction was mor ...
A novel multifunctional O-methyltransferase implicated in a dual
... Biochemical and Molecular Analysis. The crude protein extracts from secondary developing xylem of loblolly pine (22) and yeast cells described above were used for enzyme assays with caffeic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, or flavonoids as substrates as described (13), with the following modifications. ...
... Biochemical and Molecular Analysis. The crude protein extracts from secondary developing xylem of loblolly pine (22) and yeast cells described above were used for enzyme assays with caffeic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, or flavonoids as substrates as described (13), with the following modifications. ...
... B. A fatty acid is cone shaped, with a larger headgroup than its non-polar tail. So they pack together to form a sphere. Phospholipids are more like a cylinder. The area of the head group is similar to that of the two acyl chains, thus they pack to form an extended two-dimensional array of molecules ...
Citric acid cycle - Issaquah Connect
... NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chapter 9
... • growth depression can be overcome by supplementation with an amino acids structurally similar to the antagonist • Ex: lysine and Arginine. (structure similar) • Excess of lysine→ growth depress →improve by addition of arginine • Antagonist differ from imbalance of amino acids ...
... • growth depression can be overcome by supplementation with an amino acids structurally similar to the antagonist • Ex: lysine and Arginine. (structure similar) • Excess of lysine→ growth depress →improve by addition of arginine • Antagonist differ from imbalance of amino acids ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... The majority of fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of the liver. The fatty acids synthesized in the liver are used for triacylglycerol, phosphoglyceride, and sphingolipid synthesis. These products are bundled in VLDL’s and transported to the other tissues. Adipose tissue and the brain als ...
... The majority of fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of the liver. The fatty acids synthesized in the liver are used for triacylglycerol, phosphoglyceride, and sphingolipid synthesis. These products are bundled in VLDL’s and transported to the other tissues. Adipose tissue and the brain als ...
Studies on the extra-mitochondrial CoA
... routes for the detoxification, not only of many xenobiotic carboxylic acids but also of endogenous acids [17–19]. Liver and kidney contain ACSM that are capable of forming the CoA thioester of not only short- and medium-chain fatty acids but also of numerous carboxylic acid xenobiotics. These enzyme ...
... routes for the detoxification, not only of many xenobiotic carboxylic acids but also of endogenous acids [17–19]. Liver and kidney contain ACSM that are capable of forming the CoA thioester of not only short- and medium-chain fatty acids but also of numerous carboxylic acid xenobiotics. These enzyme ...
12.3 The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes AcetylCoA
... • Energy is conserved in the reduced coenzymes NADH, QH2 and one GTP • NADH, QH2 can be oxidized to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • Energy is conserved in the reduced coenzymes NADH, QH2 and one GTP • NADH, QH2 can be oxidized to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation ...
Biochemistry of Ensiling - DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska
... products. The most active bacteria are the enterobacteria and LAB. The acidic end products reduce silage pH and favor growth of the more acid-tolerant LAB. When substrate is not limiting, LAB dominate the fermentation, producing lactic acid and acidify the silage until a pH is attained which suppres ...
... products. The most active bacteria are the enterobacteria and LAB. The acidic end products reduce silage pH and favor growth of the more acid-tolerant LAB. When substrate is not limiting, LAB dominate the fermentation, producing lactic acid and acidify the silage until a pH is attained which suppres ...
department of biological sciences
... is produced in the first step (a six carbon compound) that’s why Krebs cycle is called citric acid cycle. This cirate is then converted into isocitrate which is then oxidized and decarboxylated to a five carbon compound called alpha ketoglutarate. During this reaction, most of the electrons released ...
... is produced in the first step (a six carbon compound) that’s why Krebs cycle is called citric acid cycle. This cirate is then converted into isocitrate which is then oxidized and decarboxylated to a five carbon compound called alpha ketoglutarate. During this reaction, most of the electrons released ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... Liver mitochondria can convert acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation into the ketone bodies, acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate. Peripheral tissues possessing mitochondria can oxidize 3hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, which can be reconverted to acetyl CoA, thus producing energy for the ce ...
... Liver mitochondria can convert acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation into the ketone bodies, acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate. Peripheral tissues possessing mitochondria can oxidize 3hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, which can be reconverted to acetyl CoA, thus producing energy for the ce ...
Chemistry 1010 Plastics I
... In this lecture, we will answer the following questions: What is a polymer? What is a copolymer? What are some natural polymers? Can we make artificial polymers? What are the two kinds of artificial polymers? How are condensation polymers made? ...
... In this lecture, we will answer the following questions: What is a polymer? What is a copolymer? What are some natural polymers? Can we make artificial polymers? What are the two kinds of artificial polymers? How are condensation polymers made? ...
Definition – paroxysmal events thought to represent abnormal
... - tonic-clonic (grand mal) - myoclonic - tonic - atonic - absence (petit mal) - infantile - atypical absence spasms ...
... - tonic-clonic (grand mal) - myoclonic - tonic - atonic - absence (petit mal) - infantile - atypical absence spasms ...
LIPID MOBILIZATION
... • Lack of this enzyme in the liver prevents the futile cycle of synthesis and breakdown of acetoacetate. • Starvation causes the brain and some other tissues to increase the synthesis of b ketoacyl-CoA transferase, and therefore to increase their ability to use these compounds for energy. ...
... • Lack of this enzyme in the liver prevents the futile cycle of synthesis and breakdown of acetoacetate. • Starvation causes the brain and some other tissues to increase the synthesis of b ketoacyl-CoA transferase, and therefore to increase their ability to use these compounds for energy. ...
The Small Bowel - Learning Central
... – mono-glycerides in the middle – bile salts at polar ends enabling solution in water. ...
... – mono-glycerides in the middle – bile salts at polar ends enabling solution in water. ...
Respiration
... •Glucose (C6) splits into two C3 molecules each with a phosphate group. 4 total ATP are produced but two are used to phosphorylate glucose so there is a net gain of 2 ATP. The C3 molecules, pyruvate, enter the mitochondria if O2 is available to continue with aerobic respiration. If no O2 is av ...
... •Glucose (C6) splits into two C3 molecules each with a phosphate group. 4 total ATP are produced but two are used to phosphorylate glucose so there is a net gain of 2 ATP. The C3 molecules, pyruvate, enter the mitochondria if O2 is available to continue with aerobic respiration. If no O2 is av ...
Free Amino Acids Glycine and Glutamic Acid Inhibit Angiogenesis
... Previous studies from our lab have shown that amino acids act as antiglycating agents and can be beneficial in diabetes mellitus. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can induce microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy that results i ...
... Previous studies from our lab have shown that amino acids act as antiglycating agents and can be beneficial in diabetes mellitus. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can induce microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy that results i ...
Metabolism of Lipids
... Minor digestion of triacylglycerols in mouth and stomach by lingual (acidstable) lipase Major digestion of all lipids in the lumen of the duodenum/jejunum by pancreatic lipolytic enzymes Bile acid facilitated formation of mixed micelles that present the lipolytic products to the mucosal surface, fol ...
... Minor digestion of triacylglycerols in mouth and stomach by lingual (acidstable) lipase Major digestion of all lipids in the lumen of the duodenum/jejunum by pancreatic lipolytic enzymes Bile acid facilitated formation of mixed micelles that present the lipolytic products to the mucosal surface, fol ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... Fatty acids are oxidized by repeated cycles of dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage, with each cycle yielding acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shorter by two carbons than the input acyl-CoA. ...
... Fatty acids are oxidized by repeated cycles of dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage, with each cycle yielding acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shorter by two carbons than the input acyl-CoA. ...
Targeting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases: Small
... Abstract: Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) play a rate-limiting role in fatty acid biosynthesis in plants, microbes, mammals and humans. ACCs have the activity of both biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT), catalyzing carboxylation of Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. In the past years, ACCs h ...
... Abstract: Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) play a rate-limiting role in fatty acid biosynthesis in plants, microbes, mammals and humans. ACCs have the activity of both biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT), catalyzing carboxylation of Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. In the past years, ACCs h ...
respiration in plants
... The term respiration was first used by animal physiologists to describe breathing movements of animals, but was subsequently extended to include the chemical reactions by which complex organic -ve substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In p ...
... The term respiration was first used by animal physiologists to describe breathing movements of animals, but was subsequently extended to include the chemical reactions by which complex organic -ve substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In p ...
Metabolic oxidation regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation
... cell populations have allowed the identification of important genes in stem cell biology. Parallel studies of epigenetic regulation have led to the discovery of a bivalent histone modification motif in embryonic stem cells (ESCs)1,2. At the proteomic level, studies have revealed protein expression ...
... cell populations have allowed the identification of important genes in stem cell biology. Parallel studies of epigenetic regulation have led to the discovery of a bivalent histone modification motif in embryonic stem cells (ESCs)1,2. At the proteomic level, studies have revealed protein expression ...
lecture notes
... On the other hand, the redox chemistry of cysteine does occasionally play a significant role in protein structure and function, usually through the oxidative formation of a disulfide bridge with another cysteine sidechain. The resulting molecule is called cystine, which possesses a covalent linkage ...
... On the other hand, the redox chemistry of cysteine does occasionally play a significant role in protein structure and function, usually through the oxidative formation of a disulfide bridge with another cysteine sidechain. The resulting molecule is called cystine, which possesses a covalent linkage ...
biol 161 aerobic cellular respiration
... B. How many molecules of ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis? This means that an enzyme allows a phosphate from a substrate to be transferred to ADP so that ATP can form. C. If you substract the ATP needed to get things started from the amount of ATP made during substra ...
... B. How many molecules of ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis? This means that an enzyme allows a phosphate from a substrate to be transferred to ADP so that ATP can form. C. If you substract the ATP needed to get things started from the amount of ATP made during substra ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.