biol 161 aerobic cellular respiration
... B. How many molecules of ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis? This means that an enzyme allows a phosphate from a substrate to be transferred to ADP so that ATP can form. C. If you substract the ATP needed to get things started from the amount of ATP made during substra ...
... B. How many molecules of ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis? This means that an enzyme allows a phosphate from a substrate to be transferred to ADP so that ATP can form. C. If you substract the ATP needed to get things started from the amount of ATP made during substra ...
Cellular Energy and Mitochondrial ATP Production: A
... The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membranebound organelles in which specific metabolic activities take place. The defining organelles that set eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells are the nucleus and mitochondria. The nucleus is the con ...
... The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membranebound organelles in which specific metabolic activities take place. The defining organelles that set eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells are the nucleus and mitochondria. The nucleus is the con ...
File
... Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose tra ...
... Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose tra ...
Metabolism of ketonе bodies
... The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. The concentration of oxaloacetate is lowered if carbohydrate is unavailable (starvation) or improperly utilized (diabetes). Oxaloacetate is normally formed from ...
... The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. The concentration of oxaloacetate is lowered if carbohydrate is unavailable (starvation) or improperly utilized (diabetes). Oxaloacetate is normally formed from ...
Lecture 27
... N-acetylglutamate is synthesized from glutamate and acetylCoA by N-acetylglutamate synthase, it is hydrolyzed by a specific hydrolase. Rate of urea production is dependent on [N-acetylglutamate]. When aa breakdown rates increase, excess nitrogen must be excreted. This results in increase in Glu thro ...
... N-acetylglutamate is synthesized from glutamate and acetylCoA by N-acetylglutamate synthase, it is hydrolyzed by a specific hydrolase. Rate of urea production is dependent on [N-acetylglutamate]. When aa breakdown rates increase, excess nitrogen must be excreted. This results in increase in Glu thro ...
Carbohydrate
... Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Branching takes place with α(1→6) bonds occurring every 24 to 30 glucose units. It is not soluble in water. ...
... Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Branching takes place with α(1→6) bonds occurring every 24 to 30 glucose units. It is not soluble in water. ...
Microbial alteration of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic
... pathways without deamination, the remainder of the amino acids being synthesized by transamination (Macko et al., 1983). Bacteria grown on aspartic and glutamic acids were enriched in ]SN relative to the substrate. Again, no isotope effect was observed with increased utilization of the substrate. Am ...
... pathways without deamination, the remainder of the amino acids being synthesized by transamination (Macko et al., 1983). Bacteria grown on aspartic and glutamic acids were enriched in ]SN relative to the substrate. Again, no isotope effect was observed with increased utilization of the substrate. Am ...
HCC Learning Web
... • Autotrophs are producers because ecosystems depend upon them for food. • Heterotrophs are consumers because they eat plants or other animals. ...
... • Autotrophs are producers because ecosystems depend upon them for food. • Heterotrophs are consumers because they eat plants or other animals. ...
Amino acids degradation and synthesis
... Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. The three ketone bodies are acetone, acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to oth ...
... Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. The three ketone bodies are acetone, acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to oth ...
design of energy metabolism
... Evolutionary trend is toward higher levels of activity in advanced invertebrates. This trend continues throughout vertebrate evolution. Associated with this trend is a tendency for lesser reliance on sustained anaerobic pathways and greater used of arginine phosphate (cephalopods), creatine phosphat ...
... Evolutionary trend is toward higher levels of activity in advanced invertebrates. This trend continues throughout vertebrate evolution. Associated with this trend is a tendency for lesser reliance on sustained anaerobic pathways and greater used of arginine phosphate (cephalopods), creatine phosphat ...
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell
... All cells in the body convert glucose and other fuels to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signalin ...
... All cells in the body convert glucose and other fuels to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signalin ...
Otto F. Meyerhof - Nobel Lecture
... anaerobiosis. If we now compare this lactic acid accumulation with the quantity of oxygen which the muscle would have assimilated in the same time under aerobic conditions, we find that approximately three times the amount of lactic acid has accumulated as could have been consumed by the oxygen in t ...
... anaerobiosis. If we now compare this lactic acid accumulation with the quantity of oxygen which the muscle would have assimilated in the same time under aerobic conditions, we find that approximately three times the amount of lactic acid has accumulated as could have been consumed by the oxygen in t ...
Respiratory Support Complex
... Boswellia serrata extract is a patent pending boswellia extract providing ten times as much 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) as typical boswellia extracts. It offers powerful support for maintaining healthy 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activity, moderating the effects of immune mediators. Numero ...
... Boswellia serrata extract is a patent pending boswellia extract providing ten times as much 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) as typical boswellia extracts. It offers powerful support for maintaining healthy 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activity, moderating the effects of immune mediators. Numero ...
View BrewCheck - Spartan Chemical
... Most contaminants will produce off-flavors, acids and non-desirable aromas. They can also produce hazy beer and films. They may compete with the production strain for essential nutrients; they can also induce stuck fermentation or over-attenuated beers. There are two major groups of microorganisms r ...
... Most contaminants will produce off-flavors, acids and non-desirable aromas. They can also produce hazy beer and films. They may compete with the production strain for essential nutrients; they can also induce stuck fermentation or over-attenuated beers. There are two major groups of microorganisms r ...
Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids
... seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism . A. Glucogenic amino acids Amino acids whose catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. These intermediates are substrates for gluconeogenesis and, therefore, can give rise to the net formation of glucose ...
... seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism . A. Glucogenic amino acids Amino acids whose catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. These intermediates are substrates for gluconeogenesis and, therefore, can give rise to the net formation of glucose ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
CHAPTER 6
... de novo Pyrimidine Synthesis • Step 1: Carbamoyl Phosphate synthesis – Carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine synthesis is made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not ...
... de novo Pyrimidine Synthesis • Step 1: Carbamoyl Phosphate synthesis – Carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine synthesis is made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not ...
Chapter 9 Presentation
... Redox Reactions • Remember that there is an activation barrier that needs to be overcome before a reaction can take place (enzymes lower this barrier). • Thus, this is why glucose doesn’t burn in air, but if we ignite it, we supply the activation energy necessary for it to burn. • If we eat it, our ...
... Redox Reactions • Remember that there is an activation barrier that needs to be overcome before a reaction can take place (enzymes lower this barrier). • Thus, this is why glucose doesn’t burn in air, but if we ignite it, we supply the activation energy necessary for it to burn. • If we eat it, our ...
the relationship between calcium
... examinations. At the age of 8 months a diagnosis of were unable to do a liver biopsy, but the liver rickets was made and treatment with vitamin D2 in function tests failed to reveal the presence of a massive doses was started (Ostelin-800). At the age of cirrhotic condition such as that found by Den ...
... examinations. At the age of 8 months a diagnosis of were unable to do a liver biopsy, but the liver rickets was made and treatment with vitamin D2 in function tests failed to reveal the presence of a massive doses was started (Ostelin-800). At the age of cirrhotic condition such as that found by Den ...
Lecture 26
... in the matrix of the mitochondria Substrates have to flow across the outer and inner parts of the mitochondria ...
... in the matrix of the mitochondria Substrates have to flow across the outer and inner parts of the mitochondria ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.