Testing for Biologically Important Molecules
... removed, and hydrogen is removed from the other creating a molecule of water. The two subunits are bonded covalently. It is also referred to as Condensation. Hydrolysis is an energy releasing process which breaks the bond between the subunits and requires the addition of a water molecule. Large poly ...
... removed, and hydrogen is removed from the other creating a molecule of water. The two subunits are bonded covalently. It is also referred to as Condensation. Hydrolysis is an energy releasing process which breaks the bond between the subunits and requires the addition of a water molecule. Large poly ...
aerobic respiration
... respiration all use glycolysis to oxidize glucose, but they differ in their final electron acceptor and whether an electron transport chain is used (respiration) or not (fermentation). ...
... respiration all use glycolysis to oxidize glucose, but they differ in their final electron acceptor and whether an electron transport chain is used (respiration) or not (fermentation). ...
How do they (or we) use the glucose?
... - Anaerobic respiration: O2 not needed; - done by yeast, certain bacteria, exhausted muscle cells of animals - produces 2 ATP per glucose - Two steps: - glycolysis - fermentation: alcohol or lactic acid ...
... - Anaerobic respiration: O2 not needed; - done by yeast, certain bacteria, exhausted muscle cells of animals - produces 2 ATP per glucose - Two steps: - glycolysis - fermentation: alcohol or lactic acid ...
Introducing Dr. Rodger Murphree
... serotonin, epinephrine, an dopamine. These are the brain chemicals that regulate sleep, pain, energy, stamina, drive, and ambition. Niacin B3 (75% as Niacinamide) – 100mg – is needed to make serotonin. A deficiency can lead to weakness, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine hydro ...
... serotonin, epinephrine, an dopamine. These are the brain chemicals that regulate sleep, pain, energy, stamina, drive, and ambition. Niacin B3 (75% as Niacinamide) – 100mg – is needed to make serotonin. A deficiency can lead to weakness, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine hydro ...
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, Polypeptides (cofactors
... – Depends on species and physiological state 2- Nonessential amino acid – Nonessential amino acids are that which is ``made by the body from the essential amino acids or normal breakdown of proteins. – The body can make these Amino Acids in large enough quantities – Made from essential amino acids – ...
... – Depends on species and physiological state 2- Nonessential amino acid – Nonessential amino acids are that which is ``made by the body from the essential amino acids or normal breakdown of proteins. – The body can make these Amino Acids in large enough quantities – Made from essential amino acids – ...
this lecture as PDF here
... Storage fats occur in milk and adipose tissue of farm animals and in seed oils Fats supply over twice as much energy per unit weight as proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids are anhydrous due to non-polar nature and represent more energy than carbohydrates which are heavily hydrated due to polar n ...
... Storage fats occur in milk and adipose tissue of farm animals and in seed oils Fats supply over twice as much energy per unit weight as proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids are anhydrous due to non-polar nature and represent more energy than carbohydrates which are heavily hydrated due to polar n ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Source of Acetyl-CoA and
... acetyl-CoA-generating genes (acetyl-CoA synthetase, pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, plastidic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and ATP-citrate lyase), and compared these with the expression of acetyl-CoA-metabolizing genes (heteromeric and homomeric acetylCoA carboxylase). These co ...
... acetyl-CoA-generating genes (acetyl-CoA synthetase, pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, plastidic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and ATP-citrate lyase), and compared these with the expression of acetyl-CoA-metabolizing genes (heteromeric and homomeric acetylCoA carboxylase). These co ...
1 acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... citric acid cycle is used to harvest high energy electrons from carbon fuel. the central metabolic hub of the cell produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elaborate way to oxidize acetate into ...
... citric acid cycle is used to harvest high energy electrons from carbon fuel. the central metabolic hub of the cell produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elaborate way to oxidize acetate into ...
Chapter 8 - South Sevier High School
... 8. The reactions of cellular respiration allow energy in glucose to be released slowly; therefore ATP is produced gradually. 9. In contrast, if glucose were broken down rapidly, most of its energy would be lost as non-usable heat. 10. The breakdown of glucose yields synthesis of 36 or 38 ATP (depend ...
... 8. The reactions of cellular respiration allow energy in glucose to be released slowly; therefore ATP is produced gradually. 9. In contrast, if glucose were broken down rapidly, most of its energy would be lost as non-usable heat. 10. The breakdown of glucose yields synthesis of 36 or 38 ATP (depend ...
Topic 3
... Fibre makes up most of the solid material in the contents of the small intestine. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for fibre is between 18g and 30g. Suggest why the muscles in the intestines of someone who eats much less fibre per day than the RDA may have trouble moving food through the small ...
... Fibre makes up most of the solid material in the contents of the small intestine. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for fibre is between 18g and 30g. Suggest why the muscles in the intestines of someone who eats much less fibre per day than the RDA may have trouble moving food through the small ...
Powerpoint
... The final shape of a protein (its tertiary or quaternary structure) is very specific and enables it to do its job/function. Any change in a proteins’ shape will affect its function. Denaturation is when a protein's tertiary structure is lost. This happens when the bonds between the R groups are bro ...
... The final shape of a protein (its tertiary or quaternary structure) is very specific and enables it to do its job/function. Any change in a proteins’ shape will affect its function. Denaturation is when a protein's tertiary structure is lost. This happens when the bonds between the R groups are bro ...
Mitochondrial b
... accumulation of citrate within the mitochondrion which may then be exported. The resultant cytosolic citrate is cleaved by ATP-citrate lyase to malate and acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA forms malonyl-CoA by the action of acetylCoA carboxylase, which is then activated by the presence of high citrate conc ...
... accumulation of citrate within the mitochondrion which may then be exported. The resultant cytosolic citrate is cleaved by ATP-citrate lyase to malate and acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA forms malonyl-CoA by the action of acetylCoA carboxylase, which is then activated by the presence of high citrate conc ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... glucose, and is not product-inhibited. The liver does not use glucose as its preferred fuel. Rather, it stores glucose as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high (e.g., after a meal), and recovers glucose from the stored glycogen and releases it into the blood when blood glucose is low (e.g., du ...
... glucose, and is not product-inhibited. The liver does not use glucose as its preferred fuel. Rather, it stores glucose as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high (e.g., after a meal), and recovers glucose from the stored glycogen and releases it into the blood when blood glucose is low (e.g., du ...
Chapter 1
... • Acetyl CoA carries acetyl groups, 2carbon remnants of the nutrients • Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle – Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested – Acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 – Electrons and hydrogen atoms harvested are used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • Acetyl CoA carries acetyl groups, 2carbon remnants of the nutrients • Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle – Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested – Acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 – Electrons and hydrogen atoms harvested are used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation ...
Chapter 12 Pathways to biomolecules
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
Fermentation 2015: The ABE process
... is often poorly understood, due to many processes being protected by the companies and institutions behind the technologies. Fermentation science, however, is an ancient art and most of the details of how fermentation pathways lead to valuable industrial and speciality chemicals are well understood. ...
... is often poorly understood, due to many processes being protected by the companies and institutions behind the technologies. Fermentation science, however, is an ancient art and most of the details of how fermentation pathways lead to valuable industrial and speciality chemicals are well understood. ...
Yr12Ch12 - ChemistryVCE
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
Protein kinase A
... standardized solution of glucose to drink and blood samples are taken at the indicated times thereafter. An impairment of glucose disposition results in a greater than normal and prolonged increase in blood glucose concentration. Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Go ...
... standardized solution of glucose to drink and blood samples are taken at the indicated times thereafter. An impairment of glucose disposition results in a greater than normal and prolonged increase in blood glucose concentration. Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Go ...
Nutrients and Diet
... 9. State that carbohydrates are composed of indivisible units and give examples of these. Eg. Monosaccharide – glucose; Disaccharides – maltose; and Polysaccharides - starch/cellulose. 10. Explain what a vitamin is. 11. Name one water-soluble vitamin. Name one water in-soluble (fatsoluble) vitamin. ...
... 9. State that carbohydrates are composed of indivisible units and give examples of these. Eg. Monosaccharide – glucose; Disaccharides – maltose; and Polysaccharides - starch/cellulose. 10. Explain what a vitamin is. 11. Name one water-soluble vitamin. Name one water in-soluble (fatsoluble) vitamin. ...
14 - Ch 22 Respiration Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 22-35)
... 17 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q9 (a) Drug X inhibited glycolysis (1) as glycolysis is the first step in the respiratory pathway, the inhibition of glycolysis will halt the processes that follow (1), i.e. Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. hence, the overall production of pyruvate, ATP and NADH ar ...
... 17 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q9 (a) Drug X inhibited glycolysis (1) as glycolysis is the first step in the respiratory pathway, the inhibition of glycolysis will halt the processes that follow (1), i.e. Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. hence, the overall production of pyruvate, ATP and NADH ar ...
as a PDF
... Because this is a paper written by a beginning student as an assignment, there are no guarantees that everything is absolutely correct and accurate. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in our knowledge due to continued research, neither the author nor The University of Iowa nor any ...
... Because this is a paper written by a beginning student as an assignment, there are no guarantees that everything is absolutely correct and accurate. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in our knowledge due to continued research, neither the author nor The University of Iowa nor any ...
Fact Sheet
... natural protein-containing foods are allowed in the diet. For infants, breast milk or regular infant formula is given in precise amounts. As the baby grows and can eat solid foods, the breast milk or regular infant formula will be removed from the diet and the propiogenic amino acids will come from ...
... natural protein-containing foods are allowed in the diet. For infants, breast milk or regular infant formula is given in precise amounts. As the baby grows and can eat solid foods, the breast milk or regular infant formula will be removed from the diet and the propiogenic amino acids will come from ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.