Natural Selection as a Cause: Probability, Chance, and Selective
... What does the coin-tossing example demonstrate? That when a type of outcome depends on chance, different outcomes may have the same probabilistic cause (here, it’s the relevant physical set-up). This is the distinctive mark of a probabilistic cause. Let us make clear what "probabilistic cause" mean ...
... What does the coin-tossing example demonstrate? That when a type of outcome depends on chance, different outcomes may have the same probabilistic cause (here, it’s the relevant physical set-up). This is the distinctive mark of a probabilistic cause. Let us make clear what "probabilistic cause" mean ...
Neophenogenesis - The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
... dichotomy was vigorously criticized by developmentalists such as Lehrman (1953, 1970), Schneirla (1956, 1966), Jensen (1961), and Gottlieb (1970) who, building on Kuo's (1921, 1929) pioneering insights, argued that all behavior, and indeed all phenotypic characters, arises in development as the res ...
... dichotomy was vigorously criticized by developmentalists such as Lehrman (1953, 1970), Schneirla (1956, 1966), Jensen (1961), and Gottlieb (1970) who, building on Kuo's (1921, 1929) pioneering insights, argued that all behavior, and indeed all phenotypic characters, arises in development as the res ...
Darwin`s Theory of Evolution The Puzzle of Life`s
... Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they no longer function in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with little or no function? One explanation: The gene code is present to make the organ, but function has been lost through change over time. If the organ ...
... Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they no longer function in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with little or no function? One explanation: The gene code is present to make the organ, but function has been lost through change over time. If the organ ...
Cladistic Parsimony, Historical Linguistics, and Cultural
... language data (e.g. Gray and Atkinson 2003; Gray, Drummond, and Greenhill 2009; Dunn et al. 2011; Bouckaert et al. 2012) to infer the structure of major language families. As discussed in the previous section, a parsimony analysis—or any phylogenetic analysis for that matter—requires that one has av ...
... language data (e.g. Gray and Atkinson 2003; Gray, Drummond, and Greenhill 2009; Dunn et al. 2011; Bouckaert et al. 2012) to infer the structure of major language families. As discussed in the previous section, a parsimony analysis—or any phylogenetic analysis for that matter—requires that one has av ...
The morphogenesis of evolutionary developmental biology
... Evolutionary developmental biology has its origins in the evolutionary morphology of the late nineteenth century. In 1859, Darwin had written, «It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws—Unity of Type and Conditions of Existence.» While natural selection ...
... Evolutionary developmental biology has its origins in the evolutionary morphology of the late nineteenth century. In 1859, Darwin had written, «It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws—Unity of Type and Conditions of Existence.» While natural selection ...
The morphogenesis of evolutionary developmental biology
... Evolutionary developmental biology has its origins in the evolutionary morphology of the late nineteenth century. In 1859, Darwin had written, «It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws—Unity of Type and Conditions of Existence.» While natural selection ...
... Evolutionary developmental biology has its origins in the evolutionary morphology of the late nineteenth century. In 1859, Darwin had written, «It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws—Unity of Type and Conditions of Existence.» While natural selection ...
Beyond the Third Way - European Consortium for Political Research
... compromise between left and right, in which the left moves closer to the right”(Giddens 2000: 11) and therefore fundamentally conservative. Fourth, academics and politicians in Continental Europe (Levy 1999 and Lightfoot 1999) argued that it was fundamentally an Anglo-Saxon project and “was of littl ...
... compromise between left and right, in which the left moves closer to the right”(Giddens 2000: 11) and therefore fundamentally conservative. Fourth, academics and politicians in Continental Europe (Levy 1999 and Lightfoot 1999) argued that it was fundamentally an Anglo-Saxon project and “was of littl ...
Niche construction theory - synergy
... as ‘reciprocally caused’ (Laland and Sterelny, 2006), with organisms viewed as co-directing their own evolution. To quote Levins and Lewontin (1985, p. 106): “The organism influences its own evolution, by being both the object of natural selection and the creator of the conditions of that selection”. ...
... as ‘reciprocally caused’ (Laland and Sterelny, 2006), with organisms viewed as co-directing their own evolution. To quote Levins and Lewontin (1985, p. 106): “The organism influences its own evolution, by being both the object of natural selection and the creator of the conditions of that selection”. ...
Explaining Crime - Thedivineconspiracy.org
... Levels of Analysis. Some theories deal mainly with large-scale social patterns such as social change or the social, economic, and political organization of society. Crime is viewed as a property of whole groups of people rather than as a property of individuals. Because they focus on how societies a ...
... Levels of Analysis. Some theories deal mainly with large-scale social patterns such as social change or the social, economic, and political organization of society. Crime is viewed as a property of whole groups of people rather than as a property of individuals. Because they focus on how societies a ...
Law and Evolutionary Biology - CUA Law Scholarship Repository
... Most of the traits that define the majority of living organisms are genetically influenced. While people tend to think of genes as merely the tives, devalued by the degree of genetic relatedness. For a useful summary of the mechanism of natural selection, see DALY & WILSON, supra note 5, at 2-5. The ...
... Most of the traits that define the majority of living organisms are genetically influenced. While people tend to think of genes as merely the tives, devalued by the degree of genetic relatedness. For a useful summary of the mechanism of natural selection, see DALY & WILSON, supra note 5, at 2-5. The ...
PDF - Gilchrist Lab
... ancestral, populations (Mestres et al. 1995). All 18 of the chromosomal arrangements that came over from the Old World were present in the first samples collected in South America in 1981 (Prevosti et al. 1985) and also in the first samples from North America collected in 1982–1983 (Beckenbach and P ...
... ancestral, populations (Mestres et al. 1995). All 18 of the chromosomal arrangements that came over from the Old World were present in the first samples collected in South America in 1981 (Prevosti et al. 1985) and also in the first samples from North America collected in 1982–1983 (Beckenbach and P ...
Wells, Icons of Evolution
... 1. Phylum-level and class-level differences appeared only after a long history of changes in species. 2. The fossil record will show evidence of speciation occurring through all epochs. 3. The Tree of Life has been used for so long that many people assume it is factual. Steve Badger ...
... 1. Phylum-level and class-level differences appeared only after a long history of changes in species. 2. The fossil record will show evidence of speciation occurring through all epochs. 3. The Tree of Life has been used for so long that many people assume it is factual. Steve Badger ...
Social change and progress in the sociology of Robert Nisbet
... most consequential transformation takes place within Christian philosophy: cyclical patterns of growth and decline become increasingly abandoned and get replaced by a new sense of linear development that is to be seen as progress. Augustine is of course a major player in this narrative, but Nisbet ( ...
... most consequential transformation takes place within Christian philosophy: cyclical patterns of growth and decline become increasingly abandoned and get replaced by a new sense of linear development that is to be seen as progress. Augustine is of course a major player in this narrative, but Nisbet ( ...
SOCIAL THEORY TODAY
... Research. ""'hi Ie Horkheimcr, and later Adorno and Mareuse, grounded the idea of a philosophically oriented and at the same time empiricallyfounded theory of society firmly in the context of the contemporary sciences, they were not able to realize this claim, exemplary though it was, because they l ...
... Research. ""'hi Ie Horkheimcr, and later Adorno and Mareuse, grounded the idea of a philosophically oriented and at the same time empiricallyfounded theory of society firmly in the context of the contemporary sciences, they were not able to realize this claim, exemplary though it was, because they l ...
Frédéric Vandenberghe: The Relation as Magical Operator
... Relational and Processual Sociology 1 ...
... Relational and Processual Sociology 1 ...
The structure and development of evolutionary theory from a
... perform the most extensive and detailed analysis to date, that can serve as a springboard for future work. In particular, I will attempt to answer two main questions: 1. Is Lakatos’ model for scientific method applicable to evolutionary biology? 2. To the extent that it is applicable, how well do ev ...
... perform the most extensive and detailed analysis to date, that can serve as a springboard for future work. In particular, I will attempt to answer two main questions: 1. Is Lakatos’ model for scientific method applicable to evolutionary biology? 2. To the extent that it is applicable, how well do ev ...
Is cooperation viable in mobile organisms? Simple Walk Away rule
... been a topic of study in the evolutionary and behavioral sciences for decades. This interest has generated a number of conceptually related literatures using terms such as mobility, migration, dispersal, population viscosity and movement. The historical view has been that mobility undermines the evo ...
... been a topic of study in the evolutionary and behavioral sciences for decades. This interest has generated a number of conceptually related literatures using terms such as mobility, migration, dispersal, population viscosity and movement. The historical view has been that mobility undermines the evo ...
Toward a New Comparative Musicology
... all music, just as the name implies. The intellectual and political history of comparative musicology and its modernday successor, ethnomusicology, is too complex to review here. It has been detailed in a number of key publications—most notably by Merriam (1964, 1977, 1982) and Nettl (2005; Nettl an ...
... all music, just as the name implies. The intellectual and political history of comparative musicology and its modernday successor, ethnomusicology, is too complex to review here. It has been detailed in a number of key publications—most notably by Merriam (1964, 1977, 1982) and Nettl (2005; Nettl an ...
Darwinism and Meaning
... apparently pales in all other species) to self-reflect on one’s own past, and anticipate and plan for one’s own future, including importantly, in the long term. When natural selection gave us this, therefore, it necessarily allowed us to foresee our own death; we became acutely aware that we are not ...
... apparently pales in all other species) to self-reflect on one’s own past, and anticipate and plan for one’s own future, including importantly, in the long term. When natural selection gave us this, therefore, it necessarily allowed us to foresee our own death; we became acutely aware that we are not ...
Leap of Faith: Intelligent Design`s Trajectory after Dover
... a proper, literal reading of the inerrant Bible demonstrated that humans could not be related to primates,8 a concept widely accepted among ...
... a proper, literal reading of the inerrant Bible demonstrated that humans could not be related to primates,8 a concept widely accepted among ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Social Darwinism
... and stark force-based imperialist and militarist rhetorics gained surprisingly little traction in the nineteenth century Anglo-American world. If we take war theory (something I have looked at in some detail), of course there were those who argued that humans were biologically-programmed fighting an ...
... and stark force-based imperialist and militarist rhetorics gained surprisingly little traction in the nineteenth century Anglo-American world. If we take war theory (something I have looked at in some detail), of course there were those who argued that humans were biologically-programmed fighting an ...
ReachingChildren - Open Systems Technology Associates (OSTA)
... of classification, such as orders and classes, are seldom [read never] found.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
... of classification, such as orders and classes, are seldom [read never] found.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
Intergenerational Decision Making: An Evolutionary Perspective
... thus provided a relatively meager biological base. It was for this reason, Diamond argues, that American civilizations developed much later and more slowly 16 and posed no substantial biological threat to the invading Europeans. 17 But why were there no other domesticable large herbivores in the Ame ...
... thus provided a relatively meager biological base. It was for this reason, Diamond argues, that American civilizations developed much later and more slowly 16 and posed no substantial biological threat to the invading Europeans. 17 But why were there no other domesticable large herbivores in the Ame ...
Forcing Strategic Evolution: the saf as an adaptive organization
... The evolution of warfare is analogous to the evolution of natural populations. The idea of Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) and its evolution was first pioneered by William S. Lind and his co-authors in 1989, and has since gained prominence in describing the current state of asymmetrical warfare prev ...
... The evolution of warfare is analogous to the evolution of natural populations. The idea of Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) and its evolution was first pioneered by William S. Lind and his co-authors in 1989, and has since gained prominence in describing the current state of asymmetrical warfare prev ...
Sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time. Whereas sociocultural development traces processes that tend to increase the complexity of a society or culture, sociocultural evolution also considers process that can lead to decreases in complexity (degeneration) or that can produce variation or proliferation without any seemingly significant changes in complexity (cladogenesis). Sociocultural evolution is ""the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form"".(Note, this article focusses on that use of the term 'socio-cultural evolution' to refer to work that is not in line with contemporary understandings of the word 'evolution'. There is a separate body of academic work which uses the term 'cultural evolution' using a more consensus Darwinian understanding of the term 'evolution'. For a description of this work, based in the foundational work of DT Campbell in the 1960s and followed up by Boyd, Richerson, Cvalli-Sforza, and Feldman in the 1980s, go to Cultural evolution or Dual inheritance theory.)Most 19th-century and some 20th-century approaches to socioculture aimed to provide models for the evolution of humankind as a whole, arguing that different societies have reached different stages of social development. The most comprehensive attempt to develop a general theory of social evolution centering on the development of socio-cultural systems, the work of Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), operated on a scale which included a theory of world history. Another attempt, on a less systematic scale, originated with the world-systems approach.More recent approaches focus on changes specific to individual societies and reject the idea that cultures differ primarily according to how far each one is on the linear scale of social progress. Most modern archaeologists and cultural anthropologists work within the frameworks of neoevolutionism, sociobiology and modernization theory.Many different societies have existed in the course of human history, with estimates as high as over one million separate societies; however, as of 2013, only about two hundred or so different societies survive.