On Adaptive Accuracy and Precision in Natural Populations
... We carried out a survey of studies of fluctuating asymmetry in wild populations published since 1990 in the journals American Naturalist, Animal Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, Heredity, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, and Proceedings of the Royal Society. We augmented our survey with informal search ...
... We carried out a survey of studies of fluctuating asymmetry in wild populations published since 1990 in the journals American Naturalist, Animal Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, Heredity, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, and Proceedings of the Royal Society. We augmented our survey with informal search ...
Experimental elimination of parasites in nature
... and non-vertebrate organisms [13], as well as in comparative field studies [14]. On the flip-side, theoretical studies suggest that decreases in parasite-induced mortality and morbidity should drive the evolution of decreased resistance—because investing resources in resistance comes at the expense ...
... and non-vertebrate organisms [13], as well as in comparative field studies [14]. On the flip-side, theoretical studies suggest that decreases in parasite-induced mortality and morbidity should drive the evolution of decreased resistance—because investing resources in resistance comes at the expense ...
Morphological divergence patterns among populations of
... The structure of body size and shape divergence among populations of Poecilia vivipara inhabiting quaternary lagoons in South-eastern Brazil was studied. This species is abundant throughout an environmental gradient formed by water salinity differences. The salinity gradient influences the habitat s ...
... The structure of body size and shape divergence among populations of Poecilia vivipara inhabiting quaternary lagoons in South-eastern Brazil was studied. This species is abundant throughout an environmental gradient formed by water salinity differences. The salinity gradient influences the habitat s ...
Margulis L - Jason G. Goldman
... in a symbiotic relationship with the environment in which life occurs, the inorganic material that sustains life. A strong reading of the Gaia theory holds that the atmosphere, the seas, and the entire geology of earth are regulated by the organisms that live on the earth such that their own surviva ...
... in a symbiotic relationship with the environment in which life occurs, the inorganic material that sustains life. A strong reading of the Gaia theory holds that the atmosphere, the seas, and the entire geology of earth are regulated by the organisms that live on the earth such that their own surviva ...
evolution of increased resistance in hosts Experimental
... and non-vertebrate organisms [13], as well as in comparative field studies [14]. On the flip-side, theoretical studies suggest that decreases in parasite-induced mortality and morbidity should drive the evolution of decreased resistance—because investing resources in resistance comes at the expense ...
... and non-vertebrate organisms [13], as well as in comparative field studies [14]. On the flip-side, theoretical studies suggest that decreases in parasite-induced mortality and morbidity should drive the evolution of decreased resistance—because investing resources in resistance comes at the expense ...
Bully for Brontosaurus - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... each species living in a small and distinct geographical area. They live on fungus that grows on rotting vegetation, and leave plants, including cultivated crops, alone. Unfortunately, the large African land snail Achatina is not so innocuous; it eats just about everything. As in many other places, ...
... each species living in a small and distinct geographical area. They live on fungus that grows on rotting vegetation, and leave plants, including cultivated crops, alone. Unfortunately, the large African land snail Achatina is not so innocuous; it eats just about everything. As in many other places, ...
The Heritability of External Morphology in Darwin`s Ground Finches
... Heritability in the narrow sense (h2) is the proportion of the phenotypic variance which is additive genetic (Falconer, 1981). The response of a trait to direct selection is a product of its heritability and the selection differential, i.e., R = h2S (Falconer, 1981). To argue that a metric trait is ...
... Heritability in the narrow sense (h2) is the proportion of the phenotypic variance which is additive genetic (Falconer, 1981). The response of a trait to direct selection is a product of its heritability and the selection differential, i.e., R = h2S (Falconer, 1981). To argue that a metric trait is ...
Chapter 15: Evolution
... population that carry an allele 1. Isolation of a population increases the chances for speciation (the development of a new species) by separating a small group of organisms from the main population with its large gene pool (inheritable traits) 2. Changes in gene frequency are more likely to occur i ...
... population that carry an allele 1. Isolation of a population increases the chances for speciation (the development of a new species) by separating a small group of organisms from the main population with its large gene pool (inheritable traits) 2. Changes in gene frequency are more likely to occur i ...
Hen`s Teeth and Horse`s Toes
... on individuals, rather than on groups or species. [This is the same argument as in TPT 6, which involved the ratio of male to female offspring.] If natural selection worked on species, it would make “sense” from an energy and resource perspective for males grow just large enough to be able to delive ...
... on individuals, rather than on groups or species. [This is the same argument as in TPT 6, which involved the ratio of male to female offspring.] If natural selection worked on species, it would make “sense” from an energy and resource perspective for males grow just large enough to be able to delive ...
as a PDF - Todd Shackelford
... a non-random impact of these variations on survival and reproduction, evolution by natural selection will occur (Darwin, 2006/1859). The first component is variation. If we consider any population of sexually reproducing organisms, we will note that not every member of that species is identical; dif ...
... a non-random impact of these variations on survival and reproduction, evolution by natural selection will occur (Darwin, 2006/1859). The first component is variation. If we consider any population of sexually reproducing organisms, we will note that not every member of that species is identical; dif ...
Phenotypic integration in plants
... The interrelationships among phenotypic traits of plants has been of interest to plant evolutionary biologists for almost a century. Broadly defined, phenotypic integration refers to the correlations among traits within functional units (such as a flower). In this review, the classic research of Ber ...
... The interrelationships among phenotypic traits of plants has been of interest to plant evolutionary biologists for almost a century. Broadly defined, phenotypic integration refers to the correlations among traits within functional units (such as a flower). In this review, the classic research of Ber ...
Mobility as an Emergent Property of Biological Organization: Insights
... other traits. 2. Evolutionary changes in mobility will result in trade-offs and constraints among associated traits. Because mobility depends on so many traits at various lower levels of biological organization, its independent evolution will inevitably be constrained by the degree to which correlat ...
... other traits. 2. Evolutionary changes in mobility will result in trade-offs and constraints among associated traits. Because mobility depends on so many traits at various lower levels of biological organization, its independent evolution will inevitably be constrained by the degree to which correlat ...
The Origin of Species
... the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Current hypotheses for the evolution of sex and recombination
... into the same genome, and Muller’s ratchet (Muller 1964) caused by the irreversible build-up of deleterious mutations in finite asexual populations. 2. Parasitic resistance (also known as the Red Queen hypothesis). By recombining genomes, sexuals are more likely to create new genotypes that are able ...
... into the same genome, and Muller’s ratchet (Muller 1964) caused by the irreversible build-up of deleterious mutations in finite asexual populations. 2. Parasitic resistance (also known as the Red Queen hypothesis). By recombining genomes, sexuals are more likely to create new genotypes that are able ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... events have become known as ‘major evolutionary transitions’ (Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995; Jablonka and Lamb 2006; Okasha 2006). The evolution of chromosomes (from genes) marks one such instance. During this transition, autonomously replicating genes came together to form chromosomes. On comple ...
... events have become known as ‘major evolutionary transitions’ (Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995; Jablonka and Lamb 2006; Okasha 2006). The evolution of chromosomes (from genes) marks one such instance. During this transition, autonomously replicating genes came together to form chromosomes. On comple ...
Epigenetic Inheritance, Genetic Assimilation and Speciation
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
... Epigenetic inheritance systems enable the environmentally induced phenotypes to be transmitted between generations. Jablonka and Lamb (1991, 1995) proposed that these systems have a substantial role during speciation. They argued that divergence of isolated populations may be "rst triggered by the a ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
... low) values of coupled characteristics. This means that when selection acts directly on one characteristic, it also influences the population mean of more or less closely coupled characteristics. The elements of the phenotypic covariance matrix can be zero, positive, or negative. By combining the tw ...
... low) values of coupled characteristics. This means that when selection acts directly on one characteristic, it also influences the population mean of more or less closely coupled characteristics. The elements of the phenotypic covariance matrix can be zero, positive, or negative. By combining the tw ...
The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... forces can be decomposed into component forces and some of these identified as the sources of “error.” The second is that to the extent that our predictions and explanations contain an error term, this is a reflection of our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the ...
... forces can be decomposed into component forces and some of these identified as the sources of “error.” The second is that to the extent that our predictions and explanations contain an error term, this is a reflection of our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the ...
Wright`s adaptive landscape versus Fisher`s fundamental theorem
... and this through the agency of random fluctuation of gene ratios, due to random reproduction in a small population. We have long felt that there are grave objections to this view. . .[O]ne, however, is completely fatal to the theory in question, namely that it is not only small isolated populations ...
... and this through the agency of random fluctuation of gene ratios, due to random reproduction in a small population. We have long felt that there are grave objections to this view. . .[O]ne, however, is completely fatal to the theory in question, namely that it is not only small isolated populations ...
descent with modification who influenced darwin`s thinking
... http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg http://www.destination360.com/south-america/ecuador/galapagos-animals.php http://www.photoseek.com/galapago.html ...
... http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg http://www.destination360.com/south-america/ecuador/galapagos-animals.php http://www.photoseek.com/galapago.html ...
WHAT IS DARWIN`S THEORY?
... 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species. 1844 Darwin writes his essay ...
... 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species. 1844 Darwin writes his essay ...
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
... Isn’t evolution “just a theory”? In every day usage “theory” often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, “I have a theory about what happened,” they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence. The formal scientific definition of “theory” is quite dif ...
... Isn’t evolution “just a theory”? In every day usage “theory” often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, “I have a theory about what happened,” they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence. The formal scientific definition of “theory” is quite dif ...
Please address all correspondence to senior author
... The statistical interpretation of drift is widespread; drift is often described as sampling error (Beatty 1984). Clearly some drift phenomena are best accounted for in this way, for example the Sewall Wright effect and the Hagedoorn effect. Here the frequency of traits in a small subset of a populat ...
... The statistical interpretation of drift is widespread; drift is often described as sampling error (Beatty 1984). Clearly some drift phenomena are best accounted for in this way, for example the Sewall Wright effect and the Hagedoorn effect. Here the frequency of traits in a small subset of a populat ...
Species, Units of Evolution, and Secondary Substance A thesis
... one species. The goal of taxonomy under an essentialist species concept is to describe and catalog living things according to their essential forms (Popper 1950, Hull 1965, Mayr 1969, Lehmann 1971; in Stafleu 1971, 25). After Darwin's publication of The Origin of Species, the essentialist species co ...
... one species. The goal of taxonomy under an essentialist species concept is to describe and catalog living things according to their essential forms (Popper 1950, Hull 1965, Mayr 1969, Lehmann 1971; in Stafleu 1971, 25). After Darwin's publication of The Origin of Species, the essentialist species co ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
... Chloraea bletioides Lindl. is an endemic terrestrial orchid of Chile (Lehnebach 2003) (Fig. 1); it is found from c. 32 S to 38 S (Humaña, Cisternas & Valdivia 2008). The flowering season occurs from September to December; the pauciflorous inflorescence usually produces 1–5 large flowers (Fig. 1a), bu ...
... Chloraea bletioides Lindl. is an endemic terrestrial orchid of Chile (Lehnebach 2003) (Fig. 1); it is found from c. 32 S to 38 S (Humaña, Cisternas & Valdivia 2008). The flowering season occurs from September to December; the pauciflorous inflorescence usually produces 1–5 large flowers (Fig. 1a), bu ...