Download Lecture Outline: ORGANISATION OF THE BODY

2015 Week 4 NURS1004 Outline: Organisation of
the Body & Survey of Body Systems
Text Reference: Martini et al. 10th ed p. 28-49.
Martini et al. 9th ed p4-22 OR International ed
p24-44.
All living animals share the characteristics of:
movement, metabolism, responsiveness to
stimuli, growth and development, reproduction,
and adaptation to their environment. Life needs
water, food, oxygen, and appropriate
environmental temperature and pressure to
exist.
The levels of structural organisation:
1. Chemical level (atoms, ions and molecules)
2. Cellular level (organelles (eg mitochondria,
nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, ER) and
cells)
3. Tissue level (4 basic types: muscle, nervous,
connective, epithelial tissues);
4. Organ level (individual whole organs - may be
multiples of a smaller “functional unit” eg
nephron in kidney, alveolus in lung, motor unit in
muscle, a pathway in nervous system, a villus in
the small intestine, osteon in bone, lobule in
liver);
5 Organ System level. (groups of coordinated
organs & tissues).
6. Organism level (whole human being).
3. Cellular respiration: uses O2 and liberates
energy from ingested food molecules to produce
molecules of ATP - energy rich molecules which
power cellular activities.
Catabolism: disassembling phase of
metabolism, provides the energy needed to
carry on life (eg glucose dissembled to CO2
and water)
Anabolism: construction phase. Uses energy
for producing chemical substances and parts
for growth and repair.
Homeostasis: The body's automatic tendency to
maintain a relatively constant internal
environment by regulating its temperature,
blood pressure, ion concentrations in solution,
pH,
hydration,
dissolved
blood
gas
concentration, food molecules and wastes (they
are prevented from accumulating).
Body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium, internal
conditions change and vary (oscillate) within
relatively narrow limits.
Anatomy: Structure and arrangement of body
parts.
1. Gross anatomy (visible to the eye, both at the
surface and by dissection)
2. Histology (microscopic study of tissues and
cells)
Homeostasis returns body to healthy state after
stressful stimuli by biofeedback mechanisms.
Negative feedback - response opposes stress
(eg regulation of blood-sugar level by
insulin; regulation of body temperature by
shivering, sweating, adaptive behaviour)
Positive feedback - response (to infrequent
events) enhances (!) stress (eg contractions
of childbirth; blood clotting)
BODY PLAN
The “anatomical position” is standing and viewed
from the front, palms displayed.
Prone: lying on your front;
Supine: lying on your back
Physiology: Function of body parts (how they
work).
1. Cell physiology
2. Organ system physiology (healthy physiology)
3. Pathological physiology (changes to physiology
in disease states)
Directional terms:
Anterior (ventral),
Posterior (dorsal).
Superior (cephalic),
Inferior (caudal).
Medial
or Lateral.
Proximal or Distal. (referring to limbs)
Superficial or Deep.
Metabolism: All the chemical processes that take
place in the organelles and cytoplasm of the cells
of the body. Regulated by hormones secreted by
glands in the endocrine system.
1. Nutrition: supplies the cells with nutrients.
2. Synthesis: use of energy to manufacture
molecules required by cells
Regional terms:
Axial (main axis of body, head & neck, trunk)
Appendicular (appendages or limbs attached to
body axis)
Planes of the body:
Midsaggital (median)
left & right
1
Coronal (frontal)
front & back
Transverse (horizontal) above & below
of langerhans, ovaries/testes, thymus - in
children).
Body cavities: Body trunk is a “muscular bag”
enclosing 2 “cavities”:
Dorsal (cranial + vertebral). (know the contents):
Ventral (thoracic + (diaphragm) abdominopelvic). Contents.
(also scrotal, pericardial, buccal, pleural)
Transport
Circulatory: capillaries, heart, blood, blood cells,
blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
venules, veins).
Lymphatic: lymph (+lymphocytes), spleen ,
thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes.
Nine regions of the abdomino-pelvic cavity
Maintenance
Respiratory: lungs, nasal passageways, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
(thoracic cage, diaphragm).
Digestive: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small &
large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
(glands have ducts  exocrine gland), digestive
liquids (saliva, HCl, stomach “juice”, intestinal
“juice”, bile, pancreatic juice).
R.hypochondriac
epigastric L.hypochondriac
R.lumbar
umbi☼lical
L.lumbar
R.iliac
hypogastric
L.iliac
Anatomical terminology for regions of the body
(Head & neck) cephalic, occipital, cervical,
cranial, frontal, facial, orbital, oral, mental(chin),
buccal.
(Limbs) brachial, cubital, carpal, palmar, femoral,
patellar, popliteal, tarsal, plantar, calcaneal.
(arm=shoulder to elbow, forearm=elbow to wrist
thigh=inguinal ligament to knee,
leg=knee to ankle)
(Trunk) acromial, axillary, celiac, umbilical,
inguinal, pubic, coxal (hip), sacral, lumbar,
gluteal.
LIST OF BODY SYSTEMS (11)
you should know their location and function
Body covering, protection
Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil
glands, sensory organs. (chemical & physical
barrier, temp regulation, sensation, vitamin D
synthesis)
Support, movement, protection
Skeletal: bones, marrow, joints, cartilage,
ligaments. (Axial & appendicular skeleton)
Muscular: skeletal muscle (names of superficial
muscles, generates heat), (also cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle).
Control and integration
Nervous: (CNS & PNS [somatic & autonomic
{sympathetic & parasympathetic}]) sense organs,
nerves, brain, spinal cord.
Endocrine: hormones and ductless glands
(pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal, thyroid, islets
Excretion
Urinary: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Continuation
Reproductive: gonads,
structures.
associated
tubes
&
LOCATION OF SYSTEMS WITHIN CAVITIES
Dorsal cavity contains brain and spinal cord.
Enclosed by 3 membranes called meninges (dura
mater, arachnoid mater & pia mater).
Thoracic cavity contains thymus, heart and great
blood vessels (aorta, vena cavae), trachea and
oesophagus in mediastinum, lungs and some air
passages. Each lung is separately enclosed by a
serous membrane called pleura (visceral pleura &
parietal pleura) and heart by pericardium (visceral
& parietal pericardium).
Abdominal cavity contains most of the digestive
system. Enclosed by serous membrane called
peritoneum (visceral and parietal peritoneum).
Pelvic
cavity
contains bladder,
female
reproductive organs, part of large intestine. Also
enclosed by peritoneum.
Thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm (a skeletal muscle).
Abdomino-pelvic cavity is really the one cavity.
STRUCTURES OUTSIDE BODY CAVITIES
Skeletal system, integumentary system, skeletal
muscle (ie arms & legs), kidneys, testes, sense
organs, peripheral nerves and blood vessels.
M.Caon 2013 Didy Button 2015.
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