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Medical Topics
Midterm Exam Review
Orientation, Tissues, and Membranes
1. Identify the following planes on a diagram
a. sagittal
b. frontal
c. transverse
2. Identify the following abdominal regions on a diagram
a. right iliac
b. left hypochondriac
c. umbilical
d. left lumbar
e. hypogastric
3. Identify the following body cavities on a diagram
a. pleural
b. thoracic
c. pericardial
d. mediastinum
e. abdominal
4. Identify the following body regions on a diagram
a. cervical
b. brachial
c. inguinal
d. sural
e. femoral
5. Know the organs/structures of the mediastinum
6. Know directions of body parts/organs – what is anterior, posterior, distal, proximal to what
7. Know the components of the axial subdivision of the body
8. How is the thoracic portion of the ventral body cavity separated from the abdominopelvic
portion?
9. Identify the following body membranes on a diagram
a. synovial
b. mucosa
c. visceral pleura
d. parietal peritoneum
e. cutaneous
Disease & Skin
10. What are the functions of the skin?
11. What classifies a burn as second degree
12. Is nervous tissue of the brain amitotic after birth?
13. What is the most desirable method of tissue repair?
14. Is bone a connective tissue that is vascular or avascular?
Skeletal System
15. Identify the following parts of bone on a diagram
a. hyaline cartilage
b. diaphysis
c. red marrow
d. compact bone
e. epiphysis
16. Identify bones on a diagram of the human skeleton
17. Identify movements on a diagram (i.e. abduction, flexion, etc.)
18. Distinguish between the male and female pelvis
19. What are fontanels?
20. Is bone marrow a tissue, organ, system, or collection of cells?
21. What are the sites of hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis?
Muscular System
22. Identify muscles on a diagram of the posterior human body
23. Define origin and insertion in terms of skeletal muscle contraction
24. What is a quick jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?
25. The action of a muscle is always to _________________.
26. Know the sites of intramuscular injections
27. Know the principles of the sliding filament theory
28. What is a motor unit?
29. What happens to a muscle cell when it is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?
Nervous System
30. What are the areas of the neuron that secrete neurotransmitters?
31. What is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
32. What type of neurons pick up sensations from receptors and carry them into the brain or
spinal cord?
33. What happens in the autonomic division of the nervous system?
34. What results from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
35. What are meninges?
36. Strong emotions and strenuous exercise activate which division of the ANS?
37. What does an axon do?
38. What neurons are involved in a reflex arc?
39. What is another name for a tumor?
40. What is acetylcholine?
Circulatory System & Blood
41. Identify the parts of the heart on a diagram.
42. Know the various layers of the heart and their function.
43. Know which blood type(s) contain which antigens and antibodies.
44. When does difficulty with the Rh blood factor arise?
45. What are the steps in blood clot formation?
46. Which blood type is the universal donor? The universal recipient?
47. What is the formation of new blood called?
48. Know and describe pulmonary circulation.
49. Know and describe systemic circulation.
50. What is the medical term for a heart attack?
51. What happens during the QRS complex?
52. What happens during systole?
53. What happens during diastole?
54. Which structure is called the pacemaker of the heart?
55. What structures make the lub-dup sounds of the heart?
56. What are the functions of the blood?
57. What are the differences in structure and function of veins and arteries?
58. What is arteriosclerosis?
59. What keeps venous blood moving back toward the right atrium?
60. What is the normal average blood pressure?
61. When using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure, the stethoscope should be
placed over which artery?
62. Which artery is most commonly used to detect a pulse?
63. What is the normal or average pulse range for an adult?
64. What are the structures and functions of the components of blood (formed elements and
plasma)?
Respiratory System
65. Know the structural characteristics of human lungs.
66. Know how pulmonary ventilation occurs – which structures are involved and what each
structure does.
67. Know the functions of the following structures: cilia, mucous, bronchi, alveoli, epiglottis
68. What is the proper term for breathing?
69. What is residual volume?
70. What is internal respiration?
71. What is external respiration?
72. What is the function of the medulla on the respiratory system?
Digestive System
73. What is bile? What does it do? Where is it stored?
74. What portion of the alimentary canal receives secretions from the liver, pancreas, and its own
glands and in turn uses these secretions to digest all types of food?
75. What portion of the peritoneum holds the intestinal loops in place?
76. What does amylase do?
77. What is the appendix?
78. What is the function of the large intestine?
79. What is the function of the small intestine?
80. What is the function of the muscularis?
81. Label the structures of the digestive system.
82. Know the differences between mechanical and chemical digestion – where does each occur
and what does each do?
83. What type of muscle tissue is found in hollow organs and some blood vessels?
Urinary System
84. What are the functions of the urinary system?
85. What structure produces urine?
86. What is the function of the nephron?
87. Label structures of the urinary system.
Reproductive System
88. Identify structures of the male and female reproductive system on a diagram.
89. What is the function of the interstitial cells of the testes?
90. Know about sperm – how long can they survive, how are they made, where are they stored,
what factors inhibit or inactivate sperm?
91. What is a vasectomy?
92. What structures add a secretion that contributes to semen?
93. How is the sex of the child determined?
94. What are the three continuous phases of the menstrual cycle, starting from the first day of the
cycle?
95. What is the usual site of embryo implantation?
96. What hormone keeps the corpus luteum active in preparation for implantation?
97. What does secretion of progesterone stimulate?
98. What does FSH do?
99. What does LH do?