Download Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Outline

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Outline
I. Anatomy and Physiology involves study of structure and function
A.
Anatomy deals with structure
B.
Physiology is function
1. Who would study the way the heart relaxes and contracts?
II. Levels of Organization
A.
Microstructure leads to Macrostructure
1. chemicals make up the smallest unit
a. atommoleculemacromolecule
b. organelle
2. cell: smallest unit that is considered to be alive
a. tissue: group of many similar cells that have the same function
b. organ: a group of different tissues organized to perform a function
III. Characteristics of Life
A.
Define Life
1.
Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption,
circulation, assimilation , excretions
2.
all of these reactions together are called metabolism
B.
Environmental Requirements
1.
Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
IV. Homeostasis
A.
Every organism survives under certain conditions
C.
Bodies must stay within certain range
1.
body works at maintaining stable internal conditions
a.
mostly negative feedback mechanisms
i.
change is away from set point and goes in negative direction to return
ii.
think thermostat
2.
positive feedback- birth of baby
VI. BODY CAVITIES
A.
Axial and appendicular regions of body
B.
Cavities: organs are called viscera
1. Cranial cavity and vertebral canal
2. Thoracic cavity
a. lungs are in thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum
b. within mediastinum are heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland
3. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. separation into abdominal and pelvic
4. Cavities of head
a. Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear
C.
Membranes
1. Pleural: lungs, parietal & visceral
2. Pericardial: heart, parietal & visceral
3. Peritoneal abdomen, parietal & visceral
VII. Organ Systems
A. Protection, Support, Movement
1. Integumentary
a. skin, sweat glands, oil glands
2. Skeletal: 206 bones and associated joints
3. Muscular
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B. Coordination and Control
1. Nervous
a. brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ
2. Endocrine
a. glands that secrete hormones
C. Circulation
1. Cardiovascular
a. transport of nutrients and wastes inside body
b. heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
2. Lymphatic: 2 roles
a. fluid that is lost in tissues is returned to circulation
b. organs include tonsils, thymus, spleen needed for immunity
D. Absorption and Excretion
1. Digestion
a. absorb nutrients, break down for absorption
2. Respiratory
a. bring air in oxygen carried in blood to all cells
b. carbon dioxide removed
3. Urinary
a. remove wastes and excess water
E. Production of Offspring
a. Reproduction
VIII. Anatomical terminology
A. Anatomical Position
B. Relative terms used in describing body structure
1.
superior
8. contralateral
2.
inferior
9. ipsilateral
3.
anterior
10. proximal
4.
posterior
11. distal
5.
medial
12. superficial
6.
lateral
13. deep
7.
bilateral
C. Body Sections
1.
sagittal or median (midsagittal)
2.
transverse or horizontal
3.
coronal or frontal
D. Body Regions
right hypochondriac / epigastric / left hypochondriac
right lumbar / umbilical / left lumbar
right iliac(inguinal) / hypogastraic / left iliac
E. Regions of the Abdomen
1. abdominopelvic quadrants: LUQ<RUQ<LLQ<RLQ
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