Download ADAPTATIONS

Evolution of Living
Things
Chapter 7
The teaching Evolution has been
controversial…
Evolution is also one of the most misunderstood and controversial
concepts in the eyes of the general public. This situation is
unfortunate, because the controversy surrounding evolution is
unnecessary. Resistance to evolution stems in part from
misunderstanding science and how it is distinct from religion. Science
and religion provide different ways of knowing the Earth and
universe. Science proceeds by testing hypotheses and thus is restricted
to natural, testable explanations. By definition, science is unable to
confirm or deny the existence or work of a Creator; such questions are
beyond the realm of science. As a scientific concept, evolution
therefore can make no reference to a Creator. Many people of faith,
including scientists, find no conflict between evolution and their
religion; in fact, many religious denominations have issued statements
supporting evolution. Science and religion need not conflict.
On a resume:
“I studied a long time to become a
Doctor, but I didn’t have any patience.”
adaptation
species
evolution
fossil
fossil
record
vestigial
structure
trait
selective
breeding
natural
selection
mutation
generation
time
speciation
adaptation
vestigial
structure
adaptation
adaptation
vestigial
structure
natural
selection
fossil
record
endemic
species
Charles Darwin 1809-1882

British naturalist

Gathered evidence for the theory of
evolution during a 5 year “Voyage of the
Beagle” around the world trip
These islands sparked Darwin’s
thoughts that led to his theory of:
What’s so great about the
Galapagos?
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15+ separate islands with different
climates and geography
Isolated from South America by hundreds
of miles of ocean
Climates are controlled by different ocean
currents that bombard the islands
Off coast of Ecuador on the Equator
Evidence of Evolution?
Fossils – see your text: whale fossils
 Vestigial structures
 Comparison of skeletons
 DNA
 Embryonic structures:
chicken
cat
human
Fossils:
Fossil Record:

EVOLUTION

THE PROCESS BY WHICH
POPULATIONS ACCUMULATE
INHERITED CHANGES OVER TIME

GIVE SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE
GALAPAGOS VIDEO:
1.
2.
3.

ADAPTATIONS
SOMETHING THAT HELPS AN
ORGANISM SURVIVE
Examples : …
Darwin’s Finches:
Natural Selection
 The
process by which organisms
with favorable traits survive and
reproduce at a higher rate than
organisms without the favorable
trait
Four Parts to “Natural Selection”
1
Overproduction:
Each species
produces more
than will survive
to reproduce.
2
Inherited variation
Individuals in a
population have
slightly different
traits.
3
Struggle to survive:
Competition for
limited
resources.
The KEY to natural
selection…
4
Successful reproduction:
Individuals better
equipped for the
environment survive
and reproduce.
Natural Selection
(4 steps)
1
Overproduction
 2 Genetic Variation
 3 Struggle to Survive
 4 Successful Reproduction
Natural Selection in Action:
COCKROACHES!

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Females lay almost 80 eggs.
Average colony 1000 roaches .
Potential for ________offspring!
Genetic variation means…
_____% will be killed by insecticide.
______% will reproduce and produce
offspring ____________to
insecticide.
eeeeew!
Generation time: the length of
time from the birth of one
generation to the birth of the next
MAMMALS: long generation time
INSECTS: short generation
time
Maximum Recorded Life Spans
Mayfly: 3 hours
Pygmy goby: 8 weeks
Housefly: 6 months
House mouse: 5 years
Domestic dog: 29 years
Domestic cat: 34 years
Orangutan: 59 years
African elephant: 80 years
Human: 122 years
Galápagos tortoise: 188 years
Quahog clam: 220 years
Maximum Recorded Life Spans
Mayfly: 3 hours
Pygmy goby: 8 weeks
Housefly: 6 months
House mouse: 5 years
Domestic dog: 29 years
Domestic cat: 34 years
Orangutan: 59 years
African elephant: 80 years
Human: 122 years
Galápagos tortoise: 188 years
Quahog clam: 220 years
As a rough guide, the numbers of
currently identified species can be
broken down as follows : 287,655
plants; 10,000 lichens; 1,190,200
invertebrates (including 950,000
insects); and 57,739 vertebrates,
including 28,500 fishes, 5,743
amphibians, 8,163 reptiles, 9,917
birds, and 5,416 mammals.
Adaptation to Pollution:
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Peppered Moth :
Lived in England in two colors…dark and
light colored. Dark were very RARE.
After 1850, industrial revolution brought air
pollution.
After a while dark colored moths were better
adapted. Moth color changed over time.
Conditions of tree bark before
1850:
Conditions after 1850:
A Species…
A
group of organisms
that can mate with one
another to produce fertile
offspring
How do you get a
new species?
Florida
panther
bobcat
kitty cat
Formation of a new Species:

1. Separation

2. Adaptation

3. Division

This is called
speciation
Also, many plants, and some animals, form hybrids in nature.
Hooded crows and carrion crows look different, and largely mate
within their own groups—but in some areas, they hybridize.
Should they be considered the same species or separate
species?
One more cartoon….
Natural Selection: