* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Bird vocalization wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Neurocomputational speech processing wikipedia , lookup
Eyeblink conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience in space wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Muscle memory wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy of the cerebellum wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. In decussation, an axon crosses over to the opposite side of the CNS somewhere along its length. Thus, sensory information from the right side of the body is processed by the left side of the brain, and vice versa. 2. Sensory pathways conduct information related to limb position, touch, temperature, pressure, and pain. 3. The primary neuron is the first neuron in the three-neuron chain. It is a sensory neuron whose dendritic endings house the receptors that detect a specific stimulus. The cell bodies of primary neurons reside in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves. The secondary neuron is the second neuron in the three-neuron chain. It is an interneuron, and its cell body resides within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord (if the primary neuron is associated with a spinal nerve) or within one of the brainstem nuclei (if the primary neuron is associated with a cranial nerve). 4. The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway conducts proprioceptive information concerning limb position. The spinocerebellar pathways conduct proprioceptive information about joints, skeletal muscles, and tendons. 5. Four separate CNS components form the somatic motor pathways: cerebral nuclei, the cerebellum, descending pathways, and motor neurons and interneurons. 6. The cell body of an upper motor neuron is housed within either the cerebral cortex or a nucleus within the brainstem. Axons of the upper motor neuron synapse either on lower motor neurons or on interneurons. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is housed either within the anterior horn of the spinal cord or within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus. Axons of the lower motor neurons exit the CNS and project to the skeletal muscle to be innervated. 7. A direct motor pathway (also called the pyramidal pathway) originates in the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex. This type of pathway is involved in the conscious control of movements. Midbrain nuclei initiate motor commands for the indirect motor pathways. They work at an unconscious level to control movements. 8. Cerebral nuclei do not exert direct control over lower motor neurons; instead, they adjust the motor commands issued in other nuclei and provide a background pattern and rhythm once a movement is under way. The cerebral nuclei also play a key role in cognition and in emotions. The cerebellum influences and controls movement by indirectly affecting the excitability of motor neurons through its actions on the descending motor pathways. The cerebellum is critically important in coordinating movements by specifying the precise timing of control signals to different muscles. 9. Wernicke’s area is an analytical area housed within one hemisphere, usually the left. This area is involved in interpreting written and spoken language. 10. 11. 12. The left hemisphere is usually called the categorical hemisphere. The left hemisphere contains the general interpretive and speech centers, and is specialized for language abilities as well as analytical and reasoning tasks. The other hemisphere, usually the right, is called the representational hemisphere, because it is concerned with spatial relationships. It relates the body to the sensory environment and is the seat of imagination and insight, musical and artistic skill, and comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and tastes. Mental processes such as awareness, knowledge, memory, perception, and thinking are collectively called cognition. Encoding is the process of organizing information in STM before it is consolidated into LTM.