Download Exam 3 Q3 Review Sheet 3/1/11

Exam 3 Q3 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Exam 3 will cover:
Chapter 10: ALL
1. Quiz 1 Q3 review sheet
2. “Essay” Question - You need to be able describe the process of transcription and
translation in a cell using a combination of drawings and text. Use the pictures in the
book to help you figure out the best way to make the drawings. You should indicate the
location where each is occurring. Then add the details: RNA polymerase, promoter,
transcription unit, terminator, transcription factors, the spliceosome, nucleotides, introns,
exons, 5’, 3’, cap, tail, mRNA, pre-mRNA, splicing, genes, chromosomes, ribosome, Psite, A-site, tRNA, aa-tRNA, tRNA synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino acids, initiation,
elongation, termination, release factor, start codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5 to
3 – N to C, antisense strand, sense strand, etc… You are basically showing the entire
central dogma. Use the videos to help you.
3. Compare initiation, elongation and termination of transcription to that of translation.
You need to know what happens at each phase in each process.
4. Are all genes transcribed and translated all the time in our cells? Explain.
5. When you eat a candy bar, your blood glucose level rises and your pancreas secretes
the protein insulin into the blood in response. Insulin binds to insulin receptors on liver
cells. A signal transduction cascade is initiated and at the end, proteins, called
transcription factors, enter the nucleus and turn genes on. The end result is 100’s of
glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane that allow the facilitated diffusion of
glucose into the cell. Explain how these glucose transporters found their way to the
membrane starting with the transcription factors (TF’s) entering the nucleus in as much
detail as you can (I am asking you to start putting the pieces together by adding the
endomembrane system).
6. How is it possible that one gene can code for more than one protein or polypeptide?
7. Explain why ATP is not required for peptide bond formation in the ribosome during
translation of mRNAs?
8. Describe the structure of tRNA. Where is the amino acid attached? What is an
anticodon?
9. Make sure you can do all the problems in the PowerPoint…transcribing, translating,
tRNA, etc…
10. If there are twenty different tRNA synthetases, how does a given synthetase know
which amino acid to put onto which tRNA? Remember, they can’t think! It must be
automatic.
21. If I give you an amino acid, you should be able to tell me the anticodon on its tRNA.
Likewise I could give you the anticodon of the tRNA and you would need to determine
the amino acid attached…
22. What is a mutation, mutagen, carcinogen? Discuss the various types of mutations
mentioned in class and explain how mutations they might be caused in cells (spontaneous
vs. induced).
23. What is meant by the “reading frame” of a gene and how might a mutation alter the
reading frame?
24. Sickle cell anemia is caused by what kind of mutation? What about Tay Sachs?
25. Are mutations positive, negative, neutral? Explain.
26. Why are mutations so important to all species on Earth in terms of diversity and
evolution?
27. You should know every bold word in the chapter as well as every figure…cold.
28. Describe the two main methods of reproduction used by the bacteriophage?
29. What is the difference between a bacteriophage and a eukaryotic virus?
30. Compare eukaryotic DNA viruses to eukaryotic RNA viruses. Give examples of each.
31. Describe how a strict eukaryotic RNA virus replicates. How is this different from a
RNA retrovirus?
32. Describe how a eukaryotic DNA virus replicates.
33. What determines the severity of a virus to the human body?
34. How do humans prevent viruses? Who is credited with the first vaccine? Explain the
story and explain how vaccines work.
35. In class we learned that there are very few drugs available against viruses analogous
to antibiotics that we use to kill bacteria. Why do you think this is the case?
36. How does a drug against a virus compare to a vaccine?
37. There are viral treatments available. The most well known is for HIV. What do these
viral treatments target? (Watch the video)
38. Explain why viruses need our cells to reproduce.
39. Read 10.19 and 10.20. Expect a question.
40. Describe in detail how HIV enters and hijacks T-lympohcytes (T-cells). Compare the
reproductive cycle and structure of HIV to that of Influenza. Watch the HIV life cycle
movie.
41. What is meant by a provirus?
42. Why will our current HIV drugs eventually be useless against the virus? How do we
currently treat HIV patients in order to maximize our chances of success?
43. What does AIDS and HIV stand for? What is the difference?
44. Why is HIV called a retrovirus?
45. Explain why HIV doesn’t actually kill the person.
46. Read 10.22.