Download Macromolecules -Large molecules formed by joining many subunits

Macromolecules
-Large molecules formed by joining many
subunits together with covalent bonds
-Also known as “polymers”
Monomer
-A building block of a polymer
Condensation Synthesis or Dehydration
Synthesis
-The chemical reaction that joins monomers into
polymers
-Covalent bonds are formed by the removal of a
water molecule between the monomers
-Process is facilitated by enzymes (proteins that
speed up reactions)
Hydrolysis
-Reverse of dehydration synthesis
-Hydro: water
-Lysis: to split
-Breaks polymers into monomers by adding
water
Molecules and Atoms from the environment are
necessary to build macromolecules
-Carbon moves from the environment to
organisms where it is used to build
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acid
-Nitrogen moves from the environment to
organisms where it is used to build proteins and
nucleic acids
-Phosphorus is also obtained from the
environment to be used in building nucleic acids
and lipids
Four Main Types of Macromolecules
-Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
-Lipids (C,H,O,P)
-Proteins (C,H,N)
-Nucleic Acids (C,H,N,P)
Carbohydrates
-Used for fuel, building materials, and receptors
(name tags)
-Made of C,H,O
-OSE: word ending common for many
carbohydrates
Types
-Monosaccharide (one sugar)(Glucose)
-Polysaccharides (Many sugar) (Linked by
covalent bonds with dehydration synthesis)
Monosaccharide
-Mono: single
-Saccharide: sugar
-Simple sugar
Polysaccharide
-Large polymer sugars formed by joining many
monosaccharides with covalent bonds formed
thru dehydration synthesis
-Used for storage or structure
Ex:
-Starch-> Plant, storage of energy
-Cellulose-> Plants, structure
-Glycogen-> Animals, storage of energy
-Chitin-> Animals (fungus), structure
Polysaccharide- Starch
-Made of linkages of (covalent) glucose
monomers that makes the molecule form a helix
spiral
-Used as fuel storage in plants
Polysaccharide- Cellulose
-Made of linkages of glucose that makes the
molecule form a straight line
-Used for structure in plant cell walls
-Most organisms can digest starch but very few
can digest cellulose because of the different
ways the glucose monomers are linked together
Polysaccharide- Glycogen
-“Animal starch” but is not starch, same function
-Similar to starch, but has more branches in its
structure
-Found in the liver and muscle cells where it is
stored for energy
Lipids
-Diverse hydrophobic (non polar) molecules
-Made of C,H,O
-Do Not form polymers
Ex:
-Fats, Oils, Phospholipids, Steroids
Fats and Oils
-Fats: solid at room temperature
-Oil: liquid at room temperature
-Made of two kinds of smaller molecules
---Fatty Acids (three)
---Glycerol (one)
Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated Fats
-Saturated: No double bonds (straight) (solid)
-Unsaturated: One or more double bonds, can
accept more hydrogen (liquid)
-Double bonds cause “kinks” in the molecules
shape which will determine if it is liquid or solid
at room temperature
-The double bond pushes the molecules apart,
lowering the density, the more double bonds,
the more liquid the molecule
Fats
-Differ in which fatty acids are used
-Used for energy storage, cushions for organs,
insulation
Phospholipids
-Similar to fats, but have only two fatty acids
-Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail, but a
hydrophilic head
-Self-assembles into bilayers, an important parts
of cell membranes
Steroids
-Lipids with four fused rings
-Differ in the functional groups attached to the
rings
Ex:
-Cholesterol
-Sex Hormones
Proteins
-The molecular tools of the cell
-Made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S
Uses:
-Structure
-Enzymes
-Antibodies
-Transport
-Movement
-Receptors
-Hormones
Parts of Proteins
-Polypeptide chains of amino acids are linked by
peptide bonds (covalent bonds)
-Amino Acids:
--All have a Carbon with four attachments:
---COOH (acid)
---NH 2 (amine)
---H
---R group
-Polypeptide Chains: formed by dehydration
synthesis between the carboxyl group of one AA
and the amino group of the second AA
R Groups
-20 different kinds: Non polar (9AA), Polar (6AA),
Electrically Charged, Acidic (2AA), Basic (3AA)
-The properties of the R group determine the
properties of the protein which determine
function
Levels of Protein Structure
-Organizing the polypeptide into its 3-D
functional shape
1.Primary
2.Secondary
3.Tertiary
4.Quaternary
Primary
-Determines the shape
-Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
chain
-Many different sequences are possible with 20
AAs
-Everything depends on this to fold right
Secondary
-3-D structure formed by hydrogen bonding
between parts of the peptide backbone
-Two main secondary structures:
--Alpha Felix (spiral)
--Beta Pleated sheet
Tertiary
-Bonding between the R groups
Ex:
-Hydrophobic interactions
-Ionic Bonding
-Disulfide Bridges (covalent bond)
Quaternary
-When two or more polypeptides unite to form a
functional protein
Ex: Hemoglobin
Denaturing Of A Protein
-Events that cause a protein to lose structure
(and function)
Ex:
-pH shifts
-High salt concentrations
-Heat
Nucleic Acids
-Informational polymers
-Made of C,H,O,N, and P
-No general formula
Ex: DNA and RNA
-Polymers of nucleotides
-Nucleotides have three parts:
--Nitrogenous base
--Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
--Phosphate
DNA
-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-Makes up Genes
-Genetic information for life
-Structure:
--Deoxyribose sugar
--Bases include: A,T,C,G
--Double-stranded
RNA
-Ribonucleic Acid
-Structure and protein synthesis
-Genetic information for a few viruses only
-Structure:
--Ribose sugar
--Bases include: A,U,C,G
--Single-Stranded