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Review Sheet #1 Chapters 1 and 2 The Scientific Method and Neurobiology Chapter 1: (and the Introduction) Background terms from the book intro: - Famous people: Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, John Watson, BF Skinner - Psychology v. Psychiatry - Types of research: Basic, Applied, Clinical - Types of descriptive research: case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, correlation - The major psychological perspectives (to explain human behavior): o Biological o Cognitive o Behavioral o Socio-cultural o Psychoanalytic/Psychody namic The Scientific Method - Understand the difference between correlation research methods (shows only predictability) such as the survey method and the scientific method (shows cause and effect). - Thesis and Hypothesis o Independent variable (what is tested) v. Dependent variable (what is measured) o Experimental v. Control groups (experimental is tested – receives the ID v. the control group; basis of comparison; no treatment or a placebo) o Controls (to reduce bias): Possibilities include random selection of all subjects, random assignment to groups, double-blind, replication, and a placebo (if a drug experiment). This methodology helps to overcome “hindsight bias” and “overconfidence” - Ethical considerations in psychological research: Guidelines to the APA requirements o Must have: informed consent, no harm to the subjects, debriefing afterwards and confidentiality of the results - The use of inferential statistics: used to measure the dependent variable and as an objective comparison of the experimental and control groups. o Central tendencies: the mean, median and mode o The bell curve and standard deviations and range o Correlation coefficients: -1.0 to 1.0 to show statistical relationships between variables o Percentile ranks: to show the percentages below a given ranking Chapter 2: Neurobiology - Neurotransmissions and the nervous systems: (neurotransmission is often nicknamed the “all-or-nothing response” to explain the electrical firing of neurons and the chemical release of neurotransmitters) o Axons, dendrites, synaptic gap and myelin sheath o Specific neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, endorphins, serotonin, dopamine), inhibitory vs. excitatory o Types of neurons: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent) [remember SAME], and Interneurons o Agonists and antagonists o Structure of the nervous systems: central, peripheral, autonomic, somatic, sympathetic (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic (calming) [remember SYMpathy for one in crisis; PARAchute to calm down slowly] - The endocrine system: Involves our major glands such as the adrenal and pituitary glands and hormones such as adrenaline, testosterone, estrogen and norepinephrine. - The Brain: The three general region are the Brainstem, the Limbic System and the Cerebral Cortex. o The brainstem includes the medulla (heartbeat and breathing), the reticular formation (arousal center), the cerebellum (balance) and the thalamus (the “sensory switchboard”) o The limbic system includes the hippocampus (memory), the hypothalamus (directs the endocrine system/”pleasure center”), and the amygdala (emotions such as anger and aggression) o The cerebral cortex is the brain’s neural covering and the brain’s information processing center where neurons communicate - The four lobes include the: occipital (vision), parietal (sensory cortex), temporal (hearing) and frontal (personality and judgments – ex. Phinneas Gage) The two hemispheres include the: o Right: spatial and creative o Left: language and logical math reasoning o Broca’s area – making speech (left frontal) o Wernicke’s areas – comprehending speech (left temporal) - - Brain imaging techniques: CAT scans (computer pictures), EEGs (measures electrical impulses), MRIs (measures magnetic activity) and PET scans (measures glucose activity)