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Notes –Microscope & Cells
I.
Cells – basic units of a living system or organism
A. 2 types of cells
• Prokaryotic - Cells that don’t have a membrane-covered nucleus
ex: bacteria
• Eukaryotic – Cells with a nucleus covered by a membrane
ex: plant and animal cells
B. How do we know cells exist?
• Invention of the microscope made it possible for people to
discover and learn about cells
• Robert Hooke
looked at cork cells
• Anton van Leuenhock used a simple microscope and was
the first person to see microorganisms.
C. Cell Theory – developed by 3 German scientists:
*** Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow
• All living things are made out of cells
• Cells are the basic building blocks and units of life.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells (other cells that were already there)
D. Cell Organization
(Review)
• Cell - the basic unit of all living things
• Tissue - similar cells that work together to do the same job
• Organ – a group of
two or more different types of tissue that work together
to do the same job
• Organ system – several similar organs doing the same job, like the circulatory system
• Organism –multiple organ systems that work together, functioning to keep the
organism alive
*** Organelles - Tiny cell structures that are specialized parts of a cell that have
specific functions – a cell “organ.”
E. Cell Structures (Organelles)
1.) CELL MEMBRANE – “gate keeper”
 outer boundary (or layer) of the cell
 controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
2.) CELL WALL
 found in plant cells
 tough rigid boundary – made of cellulose
 gives cells their shape (it also provides protection, as well as support)
3.) CYTOPLASM – “cell fluid”
 a gel-like material
inside the cell
 many cellular activities occur here and where the organelles are contained
4.) NUCLEUS – “brain of the cell”

controls cell processes

Contains DNA or chromosomes - the heredity material or genetic blueprint of the cell
F. Cell Structures continued…
 Parts of the nucleus…
i.) NUCLEAR MEMBRANE – materials pass in
and out through tiny holes called porins
ii.) NUCLEOLUS – ribosomes are made here
5.) CHLOROPLASTS – “energy processing organelles”
 found only in plant cells
 place where food is made for plant cells
6.) MITOCHONDRIA – “powerhouse”
 converts food (glucose) to energy (ATP)
7.) RIBOSOMES – “protein factories”
 place where protein is made in the cells
 some are attached – some float in the cytoplasm
8.) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – “conveyer belt”
 transports synthesized proteins throughout the cell
9.) GOLGI BODIES
 sort, modify, processing, and shipping the proteins through the cell
10.) VACUOLES – “storage”
 store water, sugar, salts, nutrients, & wastes in cells

maintains the proper pressure to provide structure and support
in plant cells
11.) LYSOSOMES

contain chemicals that break down waste materials.
G. Light and Electron Microscopes
• Magnification and Lenses
1. The lenses in light microscopes magnify an object by bending the
light through the lens to make the close object seem bigger.
• Compound Microscope Magnification
1. uses 2 or more lenses to magnify the object.
• Total Magnification
1. equal to
• Resolution
1. Another term for
• Electron Microscopes
1. Use a
a magnified image
to produce
A simple microscope is one that uses only one lens to magnify, such as a
magnifying glass. A compound microscope uses two or more lenses to magnify
the specimen. The microscope you have at school probably uses a combination
of lenses to magnify, but for their research some scientists have microscopes that
use electronics to magnify. They are called electron microscopes.
Some review items to check your understanding…..
***********************************************************
Venn Diagram for Plant and Animal Cells
Place the following words into the correct place in the Venn Diagram.
cell membrane
cell wall
one large vacuole
circular shape
mitochondria
chloroplast
rectangular shape
many smaller vacuoles
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
nucleus