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The Old Ways • Rome was based on the “ways of the fathers” – discipline, strength, loyalty – “Gravitas” word to describe having all the virtues of a good Roman – “Pater Familias” - power belonged to the oldest male Roman Class System • Plebians – the common free citizen – very little power • Patricians – higher class citizens – based on birth – from the “fathers” of Rome • Plebian/Patrician conflict • SPQR- Senatus, Populusque, Romanus (“The Senate and The People of Rome” ) • Twelve Tables- written law code 451 BCE THE TWELVE TABLES (451-450 B.C.) • This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans. In the midst of a perennial struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights between the privileged class (patricians) and the common people (plebeians) a commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (ca. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law which would be binding on both parties and which the magistrates (the 2 consuls) would have to enforce impartially. • The commission produced enough statutes (most of them were already `customary law' anyway) to fill TEN TABLETS, but this attempt seems not to have been entirely satisfactory--especially to the plebeians. A second commission of ten was therefore appointed (450 B.C.) and two additional tablets were drawn up. The originals, said to have been inscribed on bronze, were probably destroyed when the Gauls sacked and burned Rome in the invasion of 387 B.C. • • • • • • • V. 1 "A dreadfully deformed child shall be killed." V. 7 A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods. VI. 2 Marriage by `usage' (usus): If a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter. VIII. 1 "If any person has sung or composed against another person a SONG (carmen) such as was causing slander or insult.... he shall be clubbed to death." VIII. 2 "If a person has maimed another's limb, let there be retaliation in kind, unless he agrees to make compensation with him." VIII. 26 "No person shall hold meetings in the City at night." IX. 3 "The penalty shall be capital punishment for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision." http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html The Republic • Balanced Government • Consuls – 2 officials – Limited terms, usually 10 years – Chosen by the Senate • Senate - aristocracy (consistent) • Assembly - all citizen soldiers • Dictator- Times of crisis, for 6 months – Part monarchy, aristocracy, democracy The First Triumvirate 60 BCE • Julius Caesar – Popular senator looking to gain political power • Pompey – Military leader with an army, wanted land in the east • Crassus – Wealthiest man in Rome, but not a very popular senator The Rise of Caesar • Caesar throws parties with Crassus money to gain influence • Elected consul by fellow senators 59 BCE • Gets governor position in Gaul (France) – Crassus dies in 53 BCE – Pompey stands in Caesar’s way • Caesar - Dictator 44 BC – Reforms and contributions • New calendar - Julian • added colonies in Europe • Set up public work projects Bridge of Tiberius Pont du Gard No King on the Thrown of Rome! • Senators want to meet with Caesar • March 15, 44 BCE • Assassinated by fellow senators • “Et Tu Brute” The Second Triumvirate • Octavian – Adopted son of Caesar, fought Marc Antony then made peace • Marc Antony – Immediate ruler of Republic • Lepidus – Loyal general from Caesar’s army – Brokered the peace between Octavian and Antony Results of the Second Triumvirate • Executed 4,700 opponents (disfavored Julius Caesar) • Gave land to all of Caesar’s old soldiers – displaces 18 entire cities…just took their homes and land And then…. • Octavian slowly takes Lepidus’ power after battles in Sicily • Marc Antony falls in love with J. Lo…. actually, Cleopatra. • Octavian battles Marc Antony at Actium (31 BCE) • Octavian wins, Antony and Cleopatra die One umvirate • • • • • Octavian is the sole ruler of Rome Takes on the new title of Emperor Takes on new name Caesar Augustus Roman Republic is dead The Roman Empire begins (27 BCE)