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Rome’s growth brought political, economic & social changes 2 brothers Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor. Not liked by Rome’s senators. They were killed . Led to a civil war. Politics came to the military. Generals promised land to get the poor to join their ranks. Soldiers loyalty only to the generals. Caesar, Crassus & Pompey formed a triumvirate (a group of three leaders). Caesar was elected consul. Served one year and became governor of Gaul. Pompey feared Caesar ambitions and had the senate order Caesar to disband his legion. Caesar disobeyed. Led to civil war. Caesar crossed the Rubicon River on January 10, 49 B.C. to fight Pompey’s armies. Defeated Pompey’s armies and was declared dictator. Governed as an absolute ruler. Granted citizenship to people ion the provinces. Added senators in the senate. Helped the poor by creating work projects. Nobility & senators feared his power, success & popularity. Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. Civil War broke out after Caesars death. 3 of Caesars allies joined together to crush the assassins of Caesar. Mark Antony, Lepidus & Octavian took control of Rome. Ruled for 10 years. (2nd Triumvirate). This ended in violence. Octavian forced Lepidus to retire. Octavian accused Mark Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt. Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in 31 BC. Octavian became ruler of Rome. Accepted the title of Augustus which means exalted one. Kept the title of imperator or supreme military commander. From 27 BC to 180 A.D. peace reigned within Rome’s borders. Time is known as Pax Romana. Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire. Denarius was used as coinage throughout the empire. Roads played an important role in trade. The Silk Road that brought goods from China to Rome was one of the most important.