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VI. Decline and Fall of the Republic: In c.105 BC, Germanic tribes were wreaking havoc in central and southern Gaul, inflicting serious defeats upon Roman armies. Rome was in a panic, so they elected Marius to the consulship by the Comitia Tributa despite the fact that he is not eligible. Between c.100 and 60 BC Rome will experience a steady deterioration of the Republic as a healthy, functioning representative democracy. A. Marius (105-86 BC) B. Sulla (88-80 BC) C. Pompey (78-48 BC): In 80 BC, Sulla resigned the dictatorship and retired to a quiet island. After he died in c.78 BC, various individuals struggled for control of Rome. After putting down Spartacus’ slave revolt, Pompey emerged as the dominate figure. D. First Triumvirate: Triumphantly, Pompey returned from the East in c.62 BC, but the Senate did welcome him warmly. Two other ambitious men, Caesar and Crassus were unhappy with the Senate. In c. 60 BC Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate. The First Triumvirate was simply an agreement to work together (amicitia) for five years. In the 50s BC gang warfare wracked the city of Rome as Caesar and Crassus were with armies fighting foreign wars. Eventually, Crassus was killed. E. Julius Caesar (60-44 BC) -- 5. Immediately after the murder of Caesar, Marcus Antonius (Antony) seized control of Rome. Having been Caesar’s most trusted compatriot, Antony promised to avenge his death and honor his life. Also, Antony claimed to possess Caesar’s will which named his nephew Octavian as his heir. The Senate saw Octavian as a potential candidate to oust Antony but planned to discard Octavian when that had been accomplished. This plan backfired. In c.43 BC Antony, Octavian and Lepidus marched on Rome. F. Second Triumvirate -- commission to reform the state, all had imperium, all had power to appoint, all decrees had force of law w/o Senatorial consent G. Antony v. Caesar 1. Battle of Philippi 2. Brundisium 3. Battle of Actium