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3.1.6 Immunology Review L.O: • To recall the second and third lines of defence Oh! What’s occurring? Defense Mechanisms Non-specific Specific Response is immediate and the same for all pathogens Response is slower and specific to each pathogen Physical Barrier (skin, acid in stomach) Phagocytosis Cell-mediated Response Humoral Response (T lymphocytes) (B lymphocytes) Specific Response – Cell-mediated They ‘present’ the antigens on their cell membrane When phagocytes engulf and break down the pathogen... The antigen fit exactly into receptors on certain T helper cells, which activates other T cells. Specific Response – Cell-mediated These activated T cells begin rapidly dividing by mitosis, creating clones Some of the cloned TOthers become cytotoxic Cells develop into killer T-cells, stimulate memory cells for a faster phagocytes to engulf response if infected by pathogens or stimulate B the same pathogen in cells to divide. future. Specific Response – Cell-mediated Perforin – a protein that knocks holes in the cell membrane Killer T-cell Infected body cell (antigenpresenting) Invading pathogens are engulfed by _____________ in a process called _______________. The ___________ are displayed on the cell surface. The __________ has become an ________________. The activated T-cells divide rapidly by _________ and create ___________. The pathogens end up in a vesicle called a____________. Other organelles called ___________ release digestive enzymes into it. Certain T helper cells that have a specific receptor for the ____________ cause other T-cells to become activated. The cloned T cells: • develop into _________ • stimulate phagocytes • stimulate ____________ • or become __________ which kill infected body cells Specific Response – Humoral T-helper cells (already activated) attach to the antigens and activate the B-cells B-cells process and present antigens from invading pathogens The activated B-cells divide by mitosis. They also specialise into memory cells and plasma cells Specific Response – Humoral • Plasma cells – produce antibodies – Specific proteins that kill pathogens – Primary immune response Neutralisation – neutralise toxins or stop pathogens from entering cells Agglutination – stick the pathogens together – easier for phagocytes to round them up! Specific Response – Humoral • Memory cells – Can live for decades! Much longer than plasma cells – If they encounter the same pathogen – divide and become plasma cells – Secondary immune response (very fast) Specific Response – Humoral Explain this graph B or T? or Both? Made in the thymus Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! T-Cells Made in the thymus B or T? or Both? Divide by mitosis Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! Both! Divide by mitosis B or T? or Both? Part of humoral immunity Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B-Cells Part of humoral immunity B or T? or Both? Made in the bone marrow Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B-Cells Made in the bone marrow B or T? or Both? Respond to antigenpresenting phagocytes Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! T-Cells Respond to antigenpresenting phagocytes B or T? or Both? Part of cell-mediated immunity Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! T-Cells Part of cell-mediated immunity B or T? or Both? Secrete antibodies Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B-Cells Secrete antibodies Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! Specification 3.1.1 and 3.1.6: Disease and Immunology I can explain where pathogens are likely to penetrate the body’s defences and how they cause disease I can describe key lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer and CHD I understand that changes in lifestyle can lead to a reduced risk of developing these diseases. I can distinguish between correlations and causal relationships I can describe the process of phagocytosis I know how antibodies interact with antigens as part of the immune response I can explain the differences between the humoral and cellular immune response I can explain what a vaccine is and how it protects individuals and populations against disease I understand the effects of antigenic variability in pathogens on immunity I can describe how monoclonal antibodies enable specific targeting of substances and cells I can discuss ethical issues associated with the use of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies Learning Wall I can explain where pathogens are likely to penetrate the body’s defences and how they cause disease I can describe key lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer and CHD I understand that changes in lifestyle can lead to a reduced risk of developing these diseases. I can distinguish between correlations and causal relationships I can describe the process of phagocytosis I know how antibodies interact with antigens as part of the immune response I can explain the differences between the humoral and cellular immune response I can explain what a vaccine is and how it protects individuals and populations against disease I understand the effects of antigenic variability in pathogens on immunity I can describe how monoclonal antibodies enable specific targeting of substances and cells I can discuss ethical issues associated with the use of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies • http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ch apter22/animation__the_immune_response.h tml • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SckgGlefJ o0 Bingo! Draw a 3 x 3 grid and choose 9 of the words below: Pathogen, phagocyte, lysosome, phagolysosome, humoral, cell-mediated, T-helper cells, B-plasma cells, mitosis, B-memory cells, antibodies, antigen, vaccination,