Download Ch.6 Learning Power Point Notes

Ch. 6“Learning”
Next Quiz (#3) covers
pages 126-149
LEARNING:
A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from
experience
PRINCIPLES
1 . L e a rn in g is a c h a n g e in m e n ta l s ta te . C h a n g e o c c u rs
i n s i d e t h e le a r n e r
2 . S e e n o n ly th ro u g h o b s e rv a tio n
3 . L e a r n i n g i n v o lv e s a c h a n g e o f b e h a v i o r
4 . R e s u lt s f r o m e x p e r i e n c e ( r e p e t i t io n )
5 . L e a r n i n g i s r e la t i v e l y p e r m a n e n t
6 . C a n b e a p p li e d / tr a n s f e r r e d t o a n e w s i t u a t io n
7 . W a t c h i n g , L i s t e n i n g , R e a d i n g , e t c . a l l c o n t r i b u t e to
le a r n i n g
LEARNING is based on an association between stimuli and responses
THE …
A – B – C’s of
Learning
A__________
Behaviors
C__________
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
______________ elicits a _______________ [S  R]
EXAMPLE:
Bell rings, students leave!
I v a n P a v lo v
(R u s s ia n B io lo g is t)
D ig e stiv e s y ste m o f d o g s – sa liv a tio n a t th e sig h t o f fo o d is
e x p e c te d
C a n w e g e t th e d o g to s a liv a te a t th e a n tic ip a tio n o f f o o d ? ? ? ?
C a n w e g e t th e d o g to r e s p o n d to a n in a p p r o p ria te s tim u lu s ? ? ? ?
P a v lo v ’s d is c o v e r y le a d s to C la s s ic a l C o n d itio n in g
T h e E le m e n ts :
 U n C o n d itio n e d S tim u lu s (U C S )
 U n C o n d itio n e d R e sp o n se (U C R )
 N e u t r a l S t im u l u s ( N S )
 C o n d i t i o n e d S t im u l u s ( C S )
 C o n d itio n e d R e sp o n se (C R )
THE FORMULA
UCS  UCR
IN OTHER WORDS
An ___________________
stimulus elicits an
unconditioned response
NS + UCS  UCR
A ______________ stimulus
paired with an unconditioned
stimulus elicits an
unconditioned response
CS  CR
A _______________ stimulus
elicits a conditioned response
Pavlov makes his way
into “The Office”
http://vimeo.com/537
1237
or
http://www.NBC.com/
The_Office/video/#me
a=133738
Season 3 Episode 16
Experiment time!
A hop, skip, and a jump!
_____
→
UCS
_____
+
NS
Startle
_____
UCR
_____
→
UCS
_____
CS
→
_____
UCR
_____
CR
Go over Classical Conditioning worksheet
– numbers 1-10
TYPES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. S______________
2. D____________
3. T____________
4. B____________
http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/tempstim.mhtml
Demonstrating Types of Classical Conditioning
OTHER KEY VOCABULARY (131-133)
•Contingency Theory
•_______________
•Spontaneous Recovery
•Generalization
•_______________
•Higher Order Conditioning
How does this
cartoon exhibit
HIGHER ORDER
CONDITIONING?
Reading: What Ever Happened to Baby Albert?
Anxiety
The physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger,
whether real or _______________.
http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/index.html
Anxiety Disorders
_______________Attack
Period of extreme anxiety and physical symptoms such as heart
palpitations, shakiness, dizziness, and racing thoughts. Initial attacks are
often reported to feel like a heart attack due to the heart palpitations. A
medical exam should be conducted to rule out any such condition.
Phobia
An intense fear of a specific object or situation. Most of us consider
ourselves to have phobias, but to be diagnosable, the fear must
significantly __________ ______ ______ _____ __________.
http://www.phobialist.com/
1. M-m-m-math Anxiety? It’s All in the Teaching (2002)
2. When Fear Takes Control of the Mind (2006)
3. Could Fear Wreak Havoc on Your Life? (2001)
How do we help baby Albert?
(Therapies)
Counterconditioning Methods – Peter & the Rabbit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcxKIJTb3Hg (2:08)
_______________
A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is
presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety
disappears.
Systematic __________________________
A treatment technique where the client is exposed to gradually
increasing anxiety provoking stimuli while relaxing; the goal is for
the client to eventually confront a phobia or fear without the
previously associated anxiety. (Movie Clip: What about Bob?)
(Therapies continued)
________________ Therapy
A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired
with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the
future to avoid the aversive stimuli.
Ex. Chemicals + Alcohol = Sick
Therapy in the 21st Century
Articles:
•Virtual Cures
•Virtually Fearless (1999)
•Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
VRE and Soldiers Overcome Burns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNIqyyypojg
http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~bhbn/psy/index-VR-Psychology.html#sandbox
Video: Things That Go Bump!
From Discovery Health Channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6-p9Ul5En4
_____
→ Salivation
_____
UCS
_____
UCR
Meat
+ Powder
_____
NS
→ Salivation
_____
UCS
Bell
_____
CS
→
UCR
_____
CR
& other forms of learning
Operant Conditioning – A simple form of learning in which an
organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
1905 Formalized the Law of __________
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8&feature=related
Edward L. _______________
Figure 1. (1911) Illustration of a "Puzzle Box"
Used in His Research on Instrumental Learning in Cats.
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&fe
ature=related
(time 3:57)
OPERANT (__________) BOX or CHAMBER
PROJECT _______________
B.F. ___________(1904 – 1990)
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
• _____________REINFORCERS
(ex. food, water, & adequate
warmth)
• ______________ or
CONDITIONED
REINFORCERS (ex. money)
• _____________REINFORCERS
(ex. Stephan and Cody were two
mentally disabled boys who
seldom smiled at other people.
Dr. Hopkins used a procedure in
which he would take them for
walks, and if they smiled at
passers by, he would give them
some pieces of M & M's candy.
This procedure caused Stephan
and Cody to smile much more
often than they had before.
• _____________REINFORCERS
(ex. Insect bite itches, Scratch it.)
How do our M & M friends demonstrate the idea of Operant
Conditioning? What kinds of behavior are elicited first? What about
____________ (138) & ______________(138-139)? What about
_____________ (142) & __________________________________?
LET’S LOOK AT…
Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement vs.
Punishment
Use of Reinforcement and Punishment in Shaping a
Child‘s Behavior
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPHcw2vz9H0&feature=related
(time 4:28)
REWARDS
vs.
• Reward and Reinforcer can
be used interchangeably
• What is rewarding to you
may not be rewarding to
another.
PUNISHMENTS
• Punishment doesn’t
suggest what to do.
• Works only if guaranteed
& consistent
• Severely punished may
withdraw (Seligman)
• Can create hostility
• May be imitated (Monkey
see…)
• Draws attention to it
PAGES 138 - 139
SCHEDULES OF
REINFORCEMENT
• CONTINUOUS vs. _________________
• INTERVAL (____________) SCHEDULES
– Fixed
– Variable
• RATIO (_______________) SCHEDULES
– Fixed
– Variable
1. ___________________________-- the first correct response after a
set amount of time has passed is reinforced (i.e., a consequence is
delivered). The time period required is always the same.
2. _________________________-- the first correct response after a set
amount of time has passed is reinforced. After the reinforcement, a new
time period (shorter or longer) is set with the average equaling a
specific number over a sum total of trials.
3. _______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a specified
number of correct responses. This schedule is best for learning a new
behavior.
Notice that behavior is relatively stable between reinforcements, with
a slight delay after a reinforcement is given. Also notice the number
of behaviors observed during the 30 minute time period is larger than
that seen under either of the interval schedules.
4. ______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a set number
of correct responses. After reinforcement the number of correct
responses necessary for reinforcement changes. This schedule is best for
maintaining behavior.
•_____________________
Monkey see, monkey do!
•_____________________
Get away with or are rewarded for violence
They always “get the girl/guy/money/car - etc.
•_____________________
Works the audience up
Watch the fans at a sporting event
Watch your friends watch the WWF
•_____________________
We become used to - desensitization
1. Violent behavior is not representative of most people
2. Violent behaviors are not real - special effects and technology
3. Most people use other than violent means to resolve conflict
___________________
Arbitration
___________________
Other
•Positive modeling
•Abiding by rating system
•Encourage other activities
•Act - call legislators
•Monitor - watch first, watch with, explain
•Limit time
•Watch educational programs