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psychological disorder
• dysfunction
• distress or impairment
• atypical or culturally unexpected
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
• diagnostic criteria (USA)
• American Psychiatric Assn
• next edition as soon as 2013
clinical professions
counseling psychologist (Ph.D.)
clinical psychologist (Psy.D. or Ph.D.)
psychiatrist (M.D. + residency)
marriage family therapist (Masters MFT)
social worker (Masters SW + LCSW)
research or teaching
professions
research scientist A.K.A. “professor” (Ph.D.)
professor (MA or Ph.D.)
clinical description
diagnostic criteria
etiology
prevalence vs. incidence
sex ratio
age of onset
acute vs. insidious onset
course (time-limited, episodic, chronic)
prognosis
psychological perspectives
of mental disorders
(not biological perspective)
psychoanalytic theory
(Freud)
After colleague hypnotized patients + free
association,
- catharsis
- lack of awareness for free assn info
an unconscious mind exists that produces deviant
behavior when it struggles with conflicts & drives.
revealing these conflicts is cathartic.
psychoanalytic theory
(structure of personality)
ego
(defense mechanisms)
id
superego
defense mechanisms
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Repression
Sublimation
psychosexual stages of development
ORAL
0 – 1 yr
ANAL
1 – 3 yr
PHALLIC
3 – 6 yr
conflicts of overstimulation
or over restriction of
erogenous zones = fixation
castration anxiety
penis envy
Oedipus/Elektra complex
LATENCY
6 - puberty
repression of impulses
GENITAL
puberty
displacement of impulses
psychoanalytic theory
(psychoanalysis as treatment)
psychoanalysis
• catharsis of conflicts & drives
(free association & dream analysis)
• transference
behaviorism
• Pavlov & classical conditioning
Watson & emotional conditioning
Mary Cover Jones “
Wolpe’s systematic desensitization
• Skinner & operant conditioning
behaviorism
classical conditioning
involuntary behavior (reflexes)
UCS
UCS +
neutral
stimulus
CS
UCR
UCR
CR
Includes emotional conditioning.
behaviorism
operant conditioning
voluntary behavior
REINFORCEMENT
increases behavior
PUNISHMENT
decreases behavior
Also learn by “modeling or observational learning”.
cognitive theory
(thought process)
• ways one thinks, remembers, & anticipates
• if faulty, distorts reality & misinterprets events
Aaron Beck & Albert Ellis (1960s)
how you interpret events =>
emotional
reaction
cognitive theory
(cognitive therapy)
• recognize biased interpretations & illogical
thinking
• challenge those ways of thinking
• have client try new interpretations to life
events
extremely effective for depression, panic, phobias
humanistic theory
• self-actualization
• Carl Rogers & unconditional positive regard
Carl Rogers
SELF CONCEPT
REAL SELF
IDEAL SELF
your perception of
who you truly are
agreement?
your perception of
who you should be
or
want to be
type of positive regard