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The Nervous System • The nervous system is made of 2 parts: • The CNS (central nervous system) – Consists of the brain and spinal cord The PNS (peripheral nervous system) consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord The Central Nervous System Brain • The brain is a large mass of neurons located in the cranial cavity and is protected by the skull and 3 tough layers called the meninges • Fluid called cerebrospinal fluid is found between the layers to further protect the brain Parts of the Brain • Cerebrum- large folded part of the brain • It is the center for voluntary action • Where sensory impulses are interpreted • Where motor activities are initiated • Where thinking, memory and reasoning occur Cerebellum • Lower back part of the brain • Coordinates motor activities and helps to maintain balance Medulla Oblongata • Located below the cerebellum • Controls involuntary activity like: – Breathing, sneezing, heartbeat, blood pressure, coughing, peristalsis Spinal Cord • Carries impulses between the brain and the body • It is protected by the vertebrae It is the center for reflex action The Peripheral Nervous System • Has 2 parts: • The somatic: – Controls voluntary muscles • The autonomic controls involuntary muscles of the heart, digestive tract , diaphragm etc. • The autonomic nervous system has 2 parts: – Sympathetic : accelerates body activities – Parasympathetic : slows down body activities Malfunctions of the Nervous System • Cerebral palsy – Damage to motor centers of the brain before or during birth ; causes poor muscle coordination and speech difficulties • Meningitis – Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord – Can be viral or bacterial • Stroke • Damage to the nerves in a particular part of the brain due to blockage or rupture of blood vessels, which prevents oxygen from reaching the brain cells • May result in paralysis, memory or speech loss or blindness • Polio – Viral disease of the nervous system – May cause paralysis – Prevented by immunization Type: JPG