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Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 4 1 Research Methods and The Structure of the Nervous System 1. How do biological psychologists assess the structure and function of the nervous system? (continued) 2. What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? 2 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. discuss the goals and methods of EEG, MEG, and electrical stimulation. 2. describe lesioning techniques. 3. distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems. 3 How do biological psychologists assess the structure and function of the nervous system? 4. Recording Allows researchers to record the electrical and magnetic output of the living brain. The small electrical charges and magnetic fields that nerve cells generate are measured using electrodes. Examples: 4 Electroencephalography (EEG): Electrodes, placed on the scalp, measure the electrical activity of a large number of nerve cells. Changes in EEG signals that are elicited by the presentation of sensory stimuli are referred to as sensory evoked potentials. Provides a measure of brain activity. 5 Beta waves (15-20 Hz) Alpha waves (8-12 Hz) Delta waves (1 Hz) EEG Recordings Associated with Wakefulness and Sleep 6 Image 2 Image 1 EEG Recordings for Comatose Patients Image 3 7 Magnetoencephalography (MEG): A recording technique in which magnetic sensors (SQUIDs) are placed on the scalp. The sensors measure the magnetic activity of a large number of nerve cells. Provides a measure of brain activity. 8 Presentation of visual stimulus MEG Recording and Plot on 3D Image of Participant’s Head 9 5. Electrical Stimulation Allows researchers to determine the functions of distinct brain regions (i.e., functional localization). Involves artificially stimulating distinct regions and assessing changes in behaviour. Electrical stimulation is delivered through electrodes; the electrical current increases the firing of neurons at the tip of the electrode. 10 Primary motor cortex The Motor Homunculus 11 A recently developed form of stimulation is repeated trans-cranial magnetic stimulation. Magnetic pulses are applied to the scalp, creating an electrical current below the stimulation site. This method reduces the symptoms associated with depression, mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. 12 6. Lesion Allows researchers to determine the functions of distinct brain regions (i.e., functional localization). Involves examining the consequences of naturallyoccurring or deliberately produced injuries to neural tissue (i.e., lesions). 13 A number of techniques exist to create deliberate lesions. Examples: Aspiration lesions Radio-frequency lesions Cryogenic blockade 14 A Lesion in Wernicke’s Area 15 Example of the speech of an individual with Wernicke’s aphasia. The individual is describing a picture of a child taking a cookie. “Uh, well this is the ... the … of this. This and this and this and this. These things going in there like that. This is … things here. This one here, these two things here. And the other one here, back in this one, this one look at this one.” 16 What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? • The nervous system is comprised of two major divisions: 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) The CNS is located in the skull and spine. The CNS consists of two subdivisions: The brain and spinal cord. 17 Brain Spinal Cord The CNS 18 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The PNS is located outside of the skull and spine. The PNS consists of nerves that extend throughout the body. These nerves: (a) carry sensory information about the external and internal environment to the CNS, and (b) carry motor signals from the CNS to other regions of the body. 19 The PNS 20 Research Methods and The Structure of the Nervous System 1. How do biological psychologists assess the structure and function of the nervous system? (continued) 2. What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? 21