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The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System [CNS] = Spinal Cord Brain Peripheral Nervous System [PNS]= Spinal Nerves [31 pair] Autonomic Nervous System [ANS] Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division Cranial Nerves [12 pair] Cells of the Nervous System • Neurons are the functional cell of the system • Have 3 basic parts to them Body [soma] Axon Dendrites • Neuroglial [glial] are the supporting cells of the system. They are smaller and more plentiful than neurons. In some areas, there are 10x more neuroglial cells than neurons. Neuroglial Cells CNS astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglial ependymal PNS satellite Schwann Myelin 80:20 Sheath – Phospholipid : protein fatty covering of axons microglial astrocyte oligodendrocyte Nerve Conduction • Action Potential – generated by change in membrane’s permeability which causes an exchange of ions – caused by impulse Resting state of cell – polarized receiving stimulus – depolarized returning to resting state - repolarized At rest, inner environment has a higher concentration of K, the outer environment has a high Na concentration. The neuron’s cell membrane has active Na/K gates. When an impulse comes in contact with the membrane, it turns off the gate.[polarized] Na rushes in, K leaves and the electrical impulse passes through the cell body. [wave of depolarization] After the electrical impulse leaves, the gates are turned back on, and Na is pumped out - K reenters the cell 3 Na pumped out for every 2 K pumped in [repolarization] The Synapse Gap between two cells Information can ‘jump’ gap via a chemical [neurotransmitter] or electrical signal. Electrical synapses cross gap junctions, such as in cardiac and smooth muscle. Neurotransmitters are used in nervous system synapses. They are released from the axon. Bouton / knobs / presynaptic terminal Neuromodulators – can influence an action potential Meninges • The CNS is covered in a protective membrane • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater – Subarachnoid space – Cerebral Spinal Fluid • Pia mater The pia is on the surface of the CNS and forms the filum terminale which anchors the spinal cord onto the sacrum/coccyx The Spinal Cord Extends from foramen magnum to the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae The uppermost portion is called the medulla oblongata The lowermost portion is called the conus medullaris and gives rise to the cauda equina Spinal Cord Anatomy • White matter – myelinated axons • Gray matter – cell bodies • Anterior – median fissure • Posterior – median sulcus • Central canal • Commissure = connecting nerve fibers from one side to other • Posterior horn- receives sensory / afferent input • Anterior horn – transmits motor/efferent response • Columns – pathways / nerve tracts Cross Section of Spinal Cord Dermatomes Each spinal nerve, except C1, has a specific cutaneous sensory distribution Letters and numbers indicate the spinal nerves that innervate a given region Reflexes • Protective mechanism • Automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious input • Reflex vs reaction The Brain The brain can be divided into 4 regions • Brain Stem – medulla oblongata – pons – midbrain • Cerebellum • Diencephalon - thalamus - hypothalamus - pituitary/pineal glands •Cerebrum -lobes -> frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal, prefrontal -corpus callosum -> main commissure -ventricles - spaces where CSF is produced/flows