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Central Nervous System (CNS): Basic Facts • Adult human brain is – 2% body weight – 20% resting oxygen – 15-20% blood flow • Consists of neurons and glial cells – Neurons are the information processors – Glia provide metabolic and structural support to the neurons • • • • Energetic needs Myelin Repair spinal fluid production and other functions Size of Adult Human Brain • Range: 1000 to 2000 grams • Average male = 1,350 g • Average female = 1,200 g • Anatole France = 1,000 g (20th century poet) • Albert Einstein = 1,230 g • Lord Byron = 2,380 g (Romance poet) Neurons • 200 cell types • 10 trillion cells in head • 25 billion pyramidal neurons, connects to 1000s of other neurons Gray & White Matter • 60% white matter (axons) • 40% gray matter (cells) – 2 mph to 250 mph when myelinated Neural Structure Human neocortex has 6 layers, 4.5 mm at deepest point • A pinpoint on the 2,200 square cm surface area in adults 52 Brodmann Areas (1906) based on different cell types and distributions Bottom to Top Back to Front Right and Left Forebrain = Cortex & Limbic General Functions of lobes • Occipital – Vision • Temporal – Auditory – Memory • Parietal – Touch – Integration • Frontal – Motor – Executive Function (goal-oriented, planning, sequencing) Central Nervous System • Fissures (large cleft) – Lateral or Sylvan fissure – Longitudinal fissure – Central fissure or sulcus • Sulcus (shallow cleft) • Gyrus (tissue ridge) Types of Neuroimaging: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Anatomical MRI (T1-weighted) Anatomical MRI (T2-weighted) MRI examples Functional MRI (activation to music) Structural MRI (gray matter thickness map) Diffusion Tensor MRI (white matter tracts) Electroencephalography (EEG) – Brainwaves