Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... patterns of activity displayed a scattered appearance with a heterogeneous organization in which it was possible to find nonuniform foci of activity distributed in multiple epithelial regions separated by silent sectors. Within each lamina there were important variations in the amplitude and time co ...
... patterns of activity displayed a scattered appearance with a heterogeneous organization in which it was possible to find nonuniform foci of activity distributed in multiple epithelial regions separated by silent sectors. Within each lamina there were important variations in the amplitude and time co ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localization and the functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemica ...
... pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localization and the functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemica ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... detella pertussis toxin sensitization (Bphs), which controls both histamine-mediated autoimmune T cell and vascular responses after pertussis toxin sensitization. Histamine H1R- and H2R-deficient mice have an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell function (318, 564) and a lower susceptibility to develop autoimm ...
... detella pertussis toxin sensitization (Bphs), which controls both histamine-mediated autoimmune T cell and vascular responses after pertussis toxin sensitization. Histamine H1R- and H2R-deficient mice have an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell function (318, 564) and a lower susceptibility to develop autoimm ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... (A) Wakefulness. During wakefulness, monoaminergic, hypocretinergic, and cholinergic systems are active and contribute to EEG desynchronization through thalamic and cortical projections. Hypocretin cells excite monoaminergic cells, and possibly cholinergic neurons (the net effect on cholinergic neur ...
... (A) Wakefulness. During wakefulness, monoaminergic, hypocretinergic, and cholinergic systems are active and contribute to EEG desynchronization through thalamic and cortical projections. Hypocretin cells excite monoaminergic cells, and possibly cholinergic neurons (the net effect on cholinergic neur ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In chapter 3, silencing the RVM unmasked descend ...
... In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In chapter 3, silencing the RVM unmasked descend ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... desynchronized and also is seen in the state of relaxed wakefulness (with eyes closed). Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake st ...
... desynchronized and also is seen in the state of relaxed wakefulness (with eyes closed). Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake st ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... reexamine this process. The result, detailed in Chapter 2, was a new model that can accurately predict a neuron’s multisensory response on a moment-by-moment basis as it evolves, with only knowledge of its responses to the individual component cues. ...
... reexamine this process. The result, detailed in Chapter 2, was a new model that can accurately predict a neuron’s multisensory response on a moment-by-moment basis as it evolves, with only knowledge of its responses to the individual component cues. ...
Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... in mammals that is responsible for regulating, directly or indirectly, most, if not all, circadian rhythms in mammals.1,2 Over the years, a variety of studies involving SCN lesions, recordings of SCN neural activity in vivo and in vitro, functional metabolic mapping, fetal tissue transplantation, an ...
... in mammals that is responsible for regulating, directly or indirectly, most, if not all, circadian rhythms in mammals.1,2 Over the years, a variety of studies involving SCN lesions, recordings of SCN neural activity in vivo and in vitro, functional metabolic mapping, fetal tissue transplantation, an ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... The major reward components together ensure maximal reward acquisition. Without the sensory component, reward discrimination would be difficult; without the attentional components, reward processing would be insufficiently prioritized; and without valuation, useless objects would be pursued. In prac ...
... The major reward components together ensure maximal reward acquisition. Without the sensory component, reward discrimination would be difficult; without the attentional components, reward processing would be insufficiently prioritized; and without valuation, useless objects would be pursued. In prac ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... studied by recording electromyographic (EMG) activity from multiple neck muscles following electrical stimulation of the SC. Combining SC stimulation with neck EMG recordings provides an objective and sensitive measure of the SC drive onto neck muscle motoneurons, particularly in relation to evoked ...
... studied by recording electromyographic (EMG) activity from multiple neck muscles following electrical stimulation of the SC. Combining SC stimulation with neck EMG recordings provides an objective and sensitive measure of the SC drive onto neck muscle motoneurons, particularly in relation to evoked ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... events during rest states, although determining which phasic events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 ...
... events during rest states, although determining which phasic events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... with rabbit polyclonal NGF antibody (1:500). The secondary antibody was goat-anti-rabbit AP conjugated (1:2000), and blots were visualized with Bio-Rad AP conjugate substrate kit. NGF immunofluorescence. Chicken brain sections of 12 m were treated with 1 mg/ml trypsin for 3 min and then incubated w ...
... with rabbit polyclonal NGF antibody (1:500). The secondary antibody was goat-anti-rabbit AP conjugated (1:2000), and blots were visualized with Bio-Rad AP conjugate substrate kit. NGF immunofluorescence. Chicken brain sections of 12 m were treated with 1 mg/ml trypsin for 3 min and then incubated w ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping patterned movements (for review see Pearson 2004). With resp ...
... interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping patterned movements (for review see Pearson 2004). With resp ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solution in the gastric compartment. The final drug concentration in the gastric compartment was calculated based on the amount of concent ...
... neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solution in the gastric compartment. The final drug concentration in the gastric compartment was calculated based on the amount of concent ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... features into wakefulness. Furthermore, orexin knockout mice are hypophagic compared with weight and age-matched littermates, suggesting a role in modulating energy metabolism. These findings suggest that the orexin neuropeptide system plays a significant role in feeding and sleep-wakefulness regula ...
... features into wakefulness. Furthermore, orexin knockout mice are hypophagic compared with weight and age-matched littermates, suggesting a role in modulating energy metabolism. These findings suggest that the orexin neuropeptide system plays a significant role in feeding and sleep-wakefulness regula ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... spatial location of the stimuli which excite them. These sensilla are involved in different behaviours and might therefore be tuned to different types of contact chemosensory stimuli. These functional constraints imply a different organisation of the nervous centres processing the information receiv ...
... spatial location of the stimuli which excite them. These sensilla are involved in different behaviours and might therefore be tuned to different types of contact chemosensory stimuli. These functional constraints imply a different organisation of the nervous centres processing the information receiv ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... the basal forebrain and are divided into several subtypes based on their morphology, spontaneous or evoked firing pattern, and neuromodulatory function. Various CBPs are often co-expressed in a high percentage of GABAergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus and serve to distinguish subpopulations ...
... the basal forebrain and are divided into several subtypes based on their morphology, spontaneous or evoked firing pattern, and neuromodulatory function. Various CBPs are often co-expressed in a high percentage of GABAergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus and serve to distinguish subpopulations ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.