Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
England in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
England in the High Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Late Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Christianity in the 9th century wikipedia , lookup
High Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
History of Christianity during the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
European Middle Ages, Black Death, Renaissance, Hundred Years War, Era of Discovery, Reformation AP World History Ch. 9, 14, 15, 16 • When Rome collapsed @ 500 A.D. Europe experienced disorder and chaos. • The Germanic • Tribes were brutal: murdering, plundering, and slavery. • Europe fell into disrepair. Cities ceased to exist. Villagers stayed in their own areas. Farming became less productive. • Starvation was common. • 4 out of 5 children died in infancy. • People forgot how to be civilized – forgot how to read. • During this time, Europe was cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India. • Germanic tribes divided Western Europe into many small kingdoms. • The Germanic peoples • had no cities or written laws. • elected kings to lead them in war. • Rewarded warrior nobles who swore loyalty to the king with weapons and loot. • The Franks were the strongest of the Germanic tribes. Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered Gaul and then converted to Christianity, the religion of the people in Gaul. • By doing so, he gained a powerful ally in the Christian Church of Rome. • Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 • In the 5th century, Roman Empire broke down. Europe was politically fragmented, with Germanic kings ruling a number of dissimilar kingdoms. • Western Europe continued to suffer invasions -- Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula and pushed into • Vikings attacked England, France. France, and Spain in the late • 8th century, the Carolingians 8th and 9th centuries. united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire. At • Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which its height, under Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and the Norman William the parts of Germany and Italy. The Conqueror invaded England empire was subdivided by in 1066. (Battle of Hastings) Charlemagne’s grandsons and was never united again. • Coast of NW France became home to a tribe of Vikings in 911 after the Frankish king, Charles the Simple, struck a bargain with the marauding, seafaring Vikings. • Deciding it would be • Charles surrendered easier and less a coastal region of destructive to grant land thick forests, rolling from his kingdom to the hills, and rich Vikings rather than face pastures to the their invasions-- Normans. • The Normans recognized Charles as their king and agreed to convert to Christianity. • The Vikings intermarried with local women, and adopted • the French language. • Normandy was a land of pastures where horses thrived. The Normans • became expert riders. Such horse-bound fighting men developed into an elite group of military servants to their king known as knights. Knights soon became the standard warriors of kings across Europe. Dominance of English • Indo-European / offspring of proto-Germanic • 5th – 6th centuries: – migration of Danish, North German Frisian, Jutes, Angles, and Saxons – many dialects, West Saxon dominated (Standard Old English) • 1066: Norman Conquest – in 11th century French dominated nobility • 1204: tie with France severed – Middle English (French enriched) • 15th – 16th centuries: Early Modern English • A Self-Sufficient Economy • economic transformation included de-urbanization and a decline in trade. • Self-sufficient farming estates called manors were the primary centers of agricultural production. Manors grew from the need for selfsufficiency and selfdefense. • The lord of a manor had almost unlimited power over his agricultural workers—the serfs. • Need for military security led to new military technology: the stirrup, bigger horses, armor and weapons of the knight. • Equipment was expensive, knights therefore needed land to support themselves. • Kings & nobles granted land (a fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service. By the 10th century, these fiefs had become hereditary. • Kings were weak because they depended on their vassals—who might very well hold fiefs from and be obliged to more than one lord. • For most medieval people, Vassals held most of a king’s realm, the lord’s manor was the and most of the vassals granted government. substantial parts of land to their vassals. • Noble women were pawns • Kings and nobles had limited ability in marriage politics. to administer and tax their realms. Women could own land, Their power was further limited by however, and non-noble their inability to tax the vast women worked alongside landholdings of the Church. the men. • The Law of the Church • The Church has system of justice to guide people’s conduct • All medieval Christians expected to obey canon law—Church law • Canon law governs marriages and religious practices • Popes have power over political leaders through threat of excommunication —banishment from Church, denial of salvation • -interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services • Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands • The Church and the Holy Roman Empire • Otto I Allies with the Church • Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king of Germany in 936 • Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy • Gains support of bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries) • Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him emperor in 962 • Signs of Future Conflicts • Otto’s German-Italian lands become Holy Roman Empire • Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100 • The Crusades • The Beginning of the Crusades • In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks • Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” • Goals of the Crusades • 1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory • Younger sons hope to • Pope wants to reclaim earn land or win glory by Jerusalem and reunite fighting Christianity • Later, merchants join • Kings use the Crusades to Crusades to try to gain send away knights who wealth through trade cause trouble • The First and Second Crusades • Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven • First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 • Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 • Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states • Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it • In 1187 Saladin— Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem • The Third Crusade • Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers • One is Richard the LionHearted—king of England • Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard • Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey • In 1192 Richard and Saladin • Later Crusades make peace after many • Fourth Crusade: battles Crusaders loot • Saladin keeps Jerusalem Constantinople in 1204 but allows Christian pilgrims • Two other Crusades strike to enter city Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims • The Children’s Crusade • In 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved in failed crusade • A Spanish Crusade • Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people • Christians fight Reconquista— drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492 • Spain has Inquisition—court to • Merchants expand trade, suppress heresy; expels nonbring back many goods Christians from Southwest Asia • The Crusades Change Life • Failure of later crusades • Crusades show power of weakens pope and Church in convincing thousands nobles, strengthens kings to fight • Crusades create lasting • Women who stay home bitterness between manage the estate and Muslims and Christians business affairs • Development of Guilds • Guilds develop— organization of people in the same occupation • Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security • Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds • Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions • Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft • The wealth of guilds influences government and economy • How the Church Spread • Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity • Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups • Church builds monasteries -where monks live to study and serve God • Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that govern monastic life • Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries • Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I • In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope • Church becomes secular—a political power • Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government • Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties • Social Classes Are Well Defined • Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups • -those who fight: nobles and knights • -those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church • -those who work: peasants • Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants • Most peasants are serfs— people lawfully bound to place of birth • Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord • Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism • The Lord’s Estate: a manor, was an economic system (manor system) • Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain • The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits • The Harshness of Manor Life • Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest • Tithe—a church tax— is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income • Serfs live in crowded • Poor diet, illness, cottages with dirt malnutrition make life floors, straw for beds expectancy 35 years • Daily grind of raising • Serfs generally accept their crops, livestock; lives as part of God’s plan feeding and clothing family • Development of Guilds • Guilds develop— organization of people in the same occupation • Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security • Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds • Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions • Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft • The wealth of guilds influences government and economy • Fairs and Trade • Europe sees Commercial Revolution— changes in business and trade • Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns • Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports • Business and Banking • Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large sums of money • Merchants take out loans to purchase goods, and banking grows • Society Changes • Economic changes lead to the growth of cities and of paying jobs • The Age of Chivalry The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love. • The Technology of Warfare Changes • Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons • In 700s, mounted knights become most important part of an army • The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society • By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles • Feudal lords raise private armies of knights • Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons • Knights’ other activities help train them for combat • The Code of Chivalry • By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act • They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady • A Knight’s Training • Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7; usually knighted at 21 • Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments — mock battles • Brutal Reality of Warfare • Castles are huge fortresses where lords live • Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons • Origins and Impact of the Plague • In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague— extremely deadly disease • Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes • About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic • China: the population dropped from around 125 million to 90 million over the course of the 14thc. • Effects of the Plague • Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise • Some serfs leave manors for paying work • Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature • Plague came to Europe in 1347. • By 1350 it had moved out of western Europe. In the space of two years, 1 out of every 3 people was dead. • Some areas suffered little, others suffered far more. • Between 45% and 75% of • In Venice, 60% died Florence died in a single over the course of 18 year. One-third died in the months: five hundred first six months. Its entire to six hundred a day economic system collapsed for a time. at the height. • In Europe, the Jews were easy targets of blame. They were not the only group accused of poisoning water or witchcraft bringing on the plague, but they suffered the anger of mob violence over a wide area. • There were massacres, and many more cases of the Jews being expelled from towns. On one day in Strassbourg in 1349, nearly 200 Jews were burned to death by an angry mob. • The Literature of Chivalry • Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures • The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims • Love Poems and Songs • Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those • Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of to their lords Aquitaine (1122–1204) • Troubadours—traveling • Eleanor’s son, Richard the poet-musicians—write Lion-Hearted, also wrote and sing short verses songs and poems • Women’s Role in Feudal Society • Status of Women • According to the Church and feudal society, women are inferior to men • Noblewomen can inherit land, defend castle, send • Peasant Women knights to war on lord’s • Most labor in home and request field, bear children, provide for family • Usually confined to • Poor, powerless, do activities of the home or household tasks at young convent age • The Power of the Church • Church leaders and political leaders compete for power and authority. • The Structure of the Church • Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority • Clergy—religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others • Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes • Religion as a Unifying Force • Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs bond people • Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvation • Village church is place of worship and celebration • The Age of Faith • Spiritual Revival • Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival • Reformers help restore and expand Church power • Problems in the Church • Kings use lay • Some Church officials investiture to appoint marry even though the bishops Church objects • Reformers believe only • Some officials practice simony—selling religious the Church should appoint bishops offices • Reform and Church Organization • Starting in 1100s, popes reorganize Church like a kingdom • Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe • Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick, poor • New Religious Orders • Dominican and Franciscan orders form • Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor • Some new orders for women are founded • Cathedrals—Cities of God • Early Cathedrals • Between 800–1100, churches are built in Romanesque style • Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches • A New Style of Church Architecture • Churches have stained • Gothic style evolves glass windows, many around 1100; term from sculptures Germanic tribe, Goths • About 500 Gothic • Gothic style has large, tall churches are built from windows for more light; 1170 to 1270 pointed arches St. Denis Cathedral, Paris • The Emperor Clashes with the Pope • Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing Church officials • Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry • Concordat of Worms • Showdown at Canossa • Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise in Worms, • Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, Germany to beg Gregory for forgiveness • Compromise: pope appoints • Gregory forgives Henry, but bishops, emperor can veto lay investiture problem is not appointment solved • Changes in Medieval Society • The feudal system declines as agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities develop. • Changes in Agriculture • From 800 to 1200 the climate warms, opening more land to farming • The Three-Field System • Changes in technology result • Around 800 three-field in more food production system used—plant two Switch to Horsepower fields, let one rest • Harnessed horses replace • This produces more food and oxen in pulling plows and leads to population increase wagons • Horses plow three times as much a day, increasing food supply • The Revival of Learning • The Muslim Connection • Christian scholars read translations of Greek works made by Muslims • Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons • Aquinas and Medieval • Scholars and the Philosophy University • Groups of scholars gather • Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar, mixes to teach and learn; form Greek and Christian universities thought • Written works not in Latin • He is a scholastic— but in vernacular— university man; debates issues to increase everyday language knowledge • England and France Develop • England Absorbs Waves of Invaders • Early Invasions • Danish Vikings invade England throughout the 800s • Alfred the Great and his successors gradually unite England • Danish king Canute invades in 1016, uniting Vikings and • He defeats his rival for Anglo-Saxons English crown, becomes king • The Norman Conquest • William keeps one-fifth of • In 1066, England is invaded land; hands out rest to for last time by William the supporters Conqueror (Battle of Hastings) • England’s Evolving Government • King and Vassal • English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both England and France • Henry II —king of England—gains more French land through marriage • Henry is king in England and a vassal in France • Juries and Common Law • Henry sends judges to all parts of England and institutes juries • The judges’ decisions form English common law— unified body of laws • Common law forms the basis of law in many English-speaking countries • The Magna Carta • In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta • Magna Carta—limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights • English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles • The Model Parliament • In 1295, Edward I summons wealthy townsmen and knights to raise taxes • Together with bishops and lords, they form a parliament— legislative body • Parliament has two houses: House of Lords, House of Commons • A Church Divided • Pope and King Collide • In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV • Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after • Avignon and the Great Schism • In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon—city in France • In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in Avignon • Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism • In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as pope DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES DENOUNCES Decline of the Church • Schism – People lose faith in Church… –Too political! –Too confusing! • Education – People are breaking away from Church doctrine –Vernacular Bible reveals truth about religion • The Plague – Black Death • The Hundred Years’ War England and France • Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337–1453, between England and France • English king Edward III claims French throne • War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of warfare • The Longbow Changes Warfare • In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French army • The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415 • Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights • The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War • Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453 • France and England experience major changes • -rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader • -power and prestige of French monarch increases • -religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles • England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses Battles in which the English Longbow began the process of making “knights in shining armor” obsolete: • Crecy 1346 Poitiers 1356 • Agincourt 1415 • Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints • She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles VII crowned king • In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan in battle • The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic • On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake • The Renaissance • • I cannot live under pressures from patrons, let alone paint. -- Michelangelo • MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI (b. March 6, 1475,Florence, Italy--d. Feb. 18, 1564, Rome) • He was a Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. • What was the Renaiss ance? • Period of Europea n history from the early 14th to the late 16th century. • It originally referred to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity (Greece & Rome) during that period, especially in Italy. • Today the concept of the Renaissance is a cultural and intellectual movement; there is a distinctive Renaissance style in music, literature and the arts. • The chief patrons of Renaissance art and literature were the merchant classes of Florence and Venice. • They created their own distinctive home and workplace, fitted for both business and family. The later Renaissance was marked by a growth of bureaucracy: an increase in state authority in the areas of justice and taxation, and the creation of larger regional states. The Reformation • Humanists and Printers • Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) were among the great writers of the later Middle Ages. Dante’s Divine Comedy tells the story of the author’s journey through the nine layers of Hell and his entry into Paradise, while Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a rich portrayal of the lives of everyday people in late medieval England. • Pope Nicholas V established the Vatican Library, and the Dutch • Dante influenced the intellectual humanist Erasmus produced a movement of the humanists— critical edition of the New men who were interested in the Testament. humanities and in the classical • The influence of the humanist literature of Greece and Rome. writers was increased by the • Humanists worked to restore the development of the printing original texts of Latin and Greek press. Johann Gutenberg authors and of the Bible through perfected the art of printing in exhaustive comparative analysis 1454; Gutenberg’s press and of the many various versions that more than two hundred others had been produced over the had produced at least 10 million centuries. printed works by 1500. • Martin Luther protested the selling of Indulgences. • He nailed “95 Theses” to the church door in Wittenberg, Oct. 31, 1517. • Only wanted to debate – • Ended up being excommunicated by Pope Leo X. • Condemned by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. • Powerful friend of Luther, Frederick the Wise, hid Luther in his castle for a year. • While there, translated the Bible into German • (only took him 3 months) • Luther decided to carry out his changes. • Thought the Bible was the only authority. • “Saved through Faith • Alone” • No professional • Priesthood. • Protestantism Begins. Politics, not religion, caused the English Reformation. England had recently ended several years of vicious wars because there was not a male heir to the throne – the War of the Roses. THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII Catherine of Aragon married. 1509 - 1533 (daughter: Mary) Divorced Anne Boleyn married. 1533 - 1536 (daughter: Elizabeth) Executed Jane Seymour married. 1536 - 1537 (Son: Edward VI) Died Anne of Cleves married. 1540 Jan. - July Divorced Kathryn Howard married. 1540 - 1542 Executed Katherine Parr married. 1543 - 1547 Widowed THE TUDOR MONARCHS Henry VII 1485 - 1509 Jane Grey July 1553 9 days Henry VIII 1509 - 1547 Mary I 1553 – 1558 “Bloody Mary” Edward VI 1547 - 1553 Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603 Elizabethan Age • Arts, literature, theater flourished during Elizabeth’s reign. • Sponsored William Shakespeare • England becomes a major world power. • Colonialism will begin during her time. • Remembered as the best of the English monarchs, ever. • The Spanish Armada • Phillip II of Spain sent his navy to invade England • The primary goal of the Spanish attack was to stamp out the Protestant movement and to claim England as Philip’s own. • (She knighted Sir • Elizabeth I made a deal Francis Drake for it) with Pirates to weaken • Major sea battle: the Spanish fleet. They Nasty storm sunk would get to keep most of much of the Spanish the loot they stole, and fleet, English set fire she wouldn’t have them to the rest. England arrested. won. Era of Discovery Background: 1300s, Europe imports large amounts of spices and other goods from Asia. • Problems with • Everyone in hostile kingdoms in Europe wanted to the Middle East get to China and caused European the Spice Islands merchants to look (Indonesia). for different ways to get to Asia. • Motives were: • God: to spread the Catholic faith • Gold: Tales of wealth and riches • Glory: Excitement of discovery • European monarchies were now powerful and rich enough to support these expeditions. • Explorers in search of the spices and riches of the Far East believed they had reached Asia. • Columbus thought that he had reached the Indies. • He died still believing that he had reached Indonesia. • New technologies: • Cartography – better maps • Compass – helps to know your direction • Astrolabe – using the horizon and stars, you can figure out what the latitude is. 1688 • Colony: settlement of people in a new territory, linked w/ parent country by trade and government control. • Mercantilism: theory- a nation’s prosperity depended on a lot of gold & silver for a balance of trade. • Countries should export more than they import. Colonies provided raw materials to support the “mother country” • The Portuguese Trading Empire • Prince Henry, the Navigator: sponsored a school and fleets to sail along western coast of Africa. • Set up trading posts – not colonies. • Found/Named Gold Coast of Africa. • Controlled large amount of Spice Islands. • Portugal claimed the unexplored territories east of Treaty of Tordesillas line. The Spanish Trading Empire • Created when Columbus went west. • Spain & Portugal, 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divided Atlantic Ocean and S. America with a North-South line. • Spain claimed territories to the west. • Encomienda: made Native Americans subjects of Queen Isabella. Meant Spanish had the right to make them laborers (Disease/slavery=dead) • Within 30 yrs: Spanish/Catholic culture had largely replaced all Native American political and social structures. The Slave Trade • Sugar plantations in Americas needed lots of labor – Native population too small (dead). • Started the Triangular Trade: • Slaves shipped and sold in Americas • Raw materials shipped to Europe • Finished manufactured goods returned • Middle Passage: high death rates during the journey due to horrible conditions