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Genetics Yeah-ya! PRACTICE E = Free ear lobes e = attached ear lobes Cross a heterozygous free-eared male with a woman with attached ear lobes e e E Ee Ee E Ee e ee ee e ee e Genotypic Ratio : 2:2 Phenotypic Ratio : 2:2 EE – 0 Free – 2 (50%) Ee – 2 (50%) Attached – 2 (50%) Ee – 2 (50%) Draw the other possible crosses for this gene Use other possible genotypes Punnett Square Trends What process is a punnett square showing (predicting)? Independent vs. Dependent Assortment It’s all about Probability Old School Thinking Mendel Why Peas? •Chosen for its 7 easily distinguishable characteristics •Short life span •Small •Large number of offspring •Easy to self or cross fertilize Mendel’s Process 4 Key Findings Characters (traits) are influenced by alleles (different forms of the same gene) Each organism inherits 2 “factors” (alleles) for each trait – one from each parent One allele will dominate over the recessive one Alleles segregate during gamete production CHROMOSOMES LETTERS are ALLELES SEED SHAPE SEED COLOR THREE DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES FOR A GENE HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT MEIOSIS 4 CELLS WITH ‘R’ ALLELE FOR THIS GENE How did Mendel find true-breeding plants? Any ideas Testcross What does it mean to be dominant? Different types of inheritance Complete Dominance – 50 copies of the functional protein gives the same effect as 100 copies (haplosufficiency) – PKU (genetic disorder where phenylalanine cannot be broken down – missing enzyme) Can cause mental retardation if untreated Incomplete Dominance – 50 copies is not sufficient (Flower color in snapdragons) – FF – produces 100 red pigment molecules (very dense) – seen as red – Ff – produces 50 red pigment molecules (less dense) – seen as pink – ff – produces no red pigment molecules – seen as white Codominance – 2 different proteins can be made by a single gene (A&B blood types) – When the A allele is present – A antigens are made and seen on the RBC surface – When the B allele is present – B antigens are made and seen on the RBC surface – When neither are present – no antigens are present – When both alleles are present – both antigens are seen on the surface of the RBC’s Multiple Alleles – more than 2 possible alleles for a gene Rh Factor – normal autosomal inheritance Blood Types and Personality According to the Japanese... Type OYou want to be a leader, and when you see something you want, you keep striving until you achieve your goal. You are a trendsetter, loyal, passionate, and self-confident. Your weaknesses include vanity and jealously and a tendency to be too competitive. Type AYou like harmony, peace and organization. You work well with others, and are sensitive, patient and affectionate. Among your weaknesses are stubbornness and an inability to relax. Type BYou're a rugged individualist, who's straight forward and likes to do things your own way. Creative and flexible, you adapt easily to any situation. But your insistence on being independent can sometimes go too far and become a weakness. Type ABCool and controlled, you're generally well-liked and always put people at ease. You're a natural entertainer who's tactful and fair. But you're standoffish, blunt, and have difficulty making decisions. Genes on the Male Sex Chromosomes XH DOMINANT RECESSIVE Xh XH XH XH XH Xh Y XH Y XhY IV. Sex-linked Inheritance A. Color Blindness – recessive, linked to the X chromosome 1. Cannot distinguish between colors like red and green 2. Genotypes: a. XCXC – normal female, non carrier b. XCXc’ – normal female, carrier (may pass recessive allele on to sons and/or daughters) c. Xc’Xc’ – colorblind female (will pass recessive allele to all children d. XCY – normal male e. Xc’Y – colorblind male (will pass recessive allele to daughters only)