* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Gene Regulation - Two Rivers High School
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Transcription factor wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Gene Regulation What is it? O Gene regulation is the process of turning genes on and off. During early development, cells begin to take on specific functions. O Gene regulation ensures that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times. Used for: Cell Differentiation O Every cell in the human body contains a complete copy of that person's DNA, with tens of thousands of potentially viable genes. O All of these genes cannot be expressed at once, so cells must decide which genes to turn on and which genes to turn off. O Ex. a skin cell turns on the genes that make it a skin cell, while a bone cell would leave these genes turned off. Used for: Cell Function O As a cell moves through its life, it has different needs and functions, which can be addressed with the use of this process to determine which genes are expressed and when. O Likewise, cells can adapt to environmental changes, such as an injury which requires repair by activating new genes. Used for: Response to environment O Gene regulation helps a cell respond to its environment. O Ex. Unicellular organisms must be able to adapt genetic material quickly to adjust to changing circumstances and new environments, since the failure to do so will cause not only death of the cell, but death of the organism itself. O Gene regulation allows such organisms to do things that will allow them to fit into hostile and extreme environments and to adapt to changes. (antibiotics) How does it occur? O For the cell, gene regulation can be accomplished in a number of different ways, with one of the most common simply being regulation of the rate at which RNA transcription occurs. (Remember transcription? DNA mRNA when RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA strand to make the new mRNA strand.) Factors in transcription: because it doesn’t happen all the time O Operon – the “switch” to turn on/off transcription O Promoter – DNA site that promotes RNA polymerase to bind (The Little Caesar’s Pizza guy on the corner) O Repressor – molecule that binds to DNA to block (repress) transcription O Inducer – molecule that takes repressor away to RNA polymerase can continue O Inducer (not shown) would take that active repressor away from the operator, allowing RNA polymerase to continue transcription. Other methods of gene regulation? O We discussed transcription as one, most common, method. O Another is when sections of the DNA or RNA strand are removed (introns) and what is left (exons) are spliced together. Methods of gene regulation cont. O Another is by changing the structure of DNA (tightly wound coil vs. loosely wound coil) so genes are deactivated O Yet another is a different amount of RNA or protein enzymes.