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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Page 1: Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules Polymers are large molecules consisting of many repeating subunits of monomers Monomers : repeating subunits used to build substances Hydrolysis Hydrolysis = To disassemble a polymer the water is added and the molecule separates. Condensation Synthesis Condensation Synthesis = subunits are joined together by condensation synthesis; a molecule of water is removed to join them Chapter 5 Page 2 : Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars; many are polymers Monosaccharides have the molecular formula C1 H2 O1 or some multiple thereof Ex C6 H12 O6 Disaccharides consist of two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage Storage Polysaccharides ; Starch in plants, glycogen in animals- more structurally branched Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose- major plant cell wall component Chapter5 Page 3: Lipids Lipids are more commonly known as fats Lipids are non-polar molecules; they are not water soluble They are hydrophobic Lipids are important for energy storage Fatty acids, Phospholipids, Steroids Chapter 5 Page 5 : Proteins Proteins account for more than 50% of cell dry wt Protein Functions Structural Contractile Storage Defense Transport Signaling Catalysts Chapter 5 Page 6: Proteins Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein There are 20 amino acids, 9 are essential = must eat them we cannot synthesize Polypeptides are many amino acids joined together The function of a protein depends on its chemical structure and unique 3-D shape Chapter 5 Page 8: Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure: Unique sequence of amino acids: sequence is determined by genetic material Secondary Structure: coiling /folding as a result of hydrogen bonding Tertiary Structure: 3-D shape due to bonding of R- groups Quaternary Structure: association of 2 or more polypeptides; Ex HGB ; not all have this level Chaperons/Chaperonins What level of structure was being formed in the previous picture? What predominantly holds this level together? The “Blue Gene” Computer IBM has a project They hope to be able to take any amino acid sequence and produce a computer generation of the folded protein Currently there are no computers powerful enough to do this Chapter 5 Page : Denaturation Denaturation means the protein structure is destroyed Causes of denaturation include: heat pH chemicals Salt concentrations Chapter 5 Page : Enzymes Enzymes are proteins used to speed up chemical reactions = Catalysts They are not consumed or converted in the reactions In Ch 8 we will go into more detail Chaapter5 Page : Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids carry information Function is to store and transmit heritable information DNA = carries all codes for life; double stranded RNA = protein synthesis Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids are composed of: Nitrogenous Base:ATGC Pentose = 5 Carbon sugar Phosphate group In DNA A pairs with T ; G with C Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of protein A. B. True False What macromolecule could be made from H, C, NH2,COOH, R A. B. C. D. lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate Amino acid