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Compounds of Life Biochemistry- chemical makeup of living organisms. (carbon-based molecules) Macromolecules Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid How are macromolecules formed? Polymerization- Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones. Monomers- small units Monosaccharide Polymers- monomers that join together to form larger units Polysaccharide CARBOHYDRATE - compounds composed of C,H,O - provides quick energy - made of connected sugars - end in –ose. Ex. Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose Simple Sugar Monosaccharides- Simple sugar, small chains providing quick energy. Ex. Candy & soda- glucose, fruits Complex Sugar long chains of sugar that must be broken to get energy. Ex. Pasta, Bread- overnight energy Starch energy storage of plants produced in all plants. (corn, potatoes, carrots) Cellulose sugar produced by plants in the cell walls. Can’t be digested by some animals. (fiber) Chitin tough sugar found in fungi and exoskeleton of some animals. Uses of too much carbs: Damages teeth Specialized diets for losing weight Athletes Carbo-loading (Pasta Dinners) Diabetes Type 1- Juvenile Type 2- Adult Protein Long Term Energy Complex chains of amino acids Found in all animal meat- turkey, chicken, steak, fish, peanut butter, eggs, beans, nuts Monomer is amino acids Polymer is polypeptide Amino Acids- 20, combine to form protein, aid in chemical messaging and metabolism. Amino Acids Held together by a peptide bond A chain of amino acids is called Polypetide chain Function of Proteins Movement- actin and myosin Structure- collagen Transport- hemoglobin Nutrition- casein Immunity- antibodies Digestion- enzymes Lipids Store and release energy (energy reserve) Saturated fat vs. Unsaturated fat Saturated fat has a single bond while unsaturated fats have a double bond Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Type of bonds: Consist of SINGLE bond Consist Of at least 1 DOUBLE bond Recommended consumption: Not more than 10% of total calories per day. Not more than 30% of total calories per day Health Effects: Excessive consumption is not good because of their association with atherosclerosis and heart diseases. Unsaturated fats are considered good to eat if you are watching your cholesterol. Also high in antioxidants, Cholesterol: Saturated fats increase Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL or bad cholesterol) & Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL's).Sources of bad cholesterol are foods rich in trans fatty acids, refined carbohydrates, such as white sugar, and flour. Unsaturated fats increase High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL or good cholesterol) and decrease Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL or bad cholesterol). Sources of HDL include onions and Omega-3 fatty acids like flax oil, fish, foods rich in fiber like grains. Commonly found in: Butter, coconut oil, whole milk, meat, peanut, butter, margarine, cheese, vegetable oil, fried foods, & frozen dinners Avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil, sunflower oil, fish oils walnuts, flax, & red meats Function of Lipids Fats- insulation, long term energy storage stored as glycogen Ex. 1. Saturated- solid 2. Unsaturated- Liquid 3. Trans- Chemically modified Liquid into solid 4. Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids, glycerol, (monomer) fat in the blood 5. Omega 3 Fatty Acid- unsaturated fatty acid found in fish Does not make polymers! Lipids Waxes- repel water. Ex- plants, feathers, ear Oils- long term energy, liquid fat made by animals and plants Non-Soluble in water Non-polar Steroids- special carbon ring structures Cholesterol- structure of cell membranes Sex Hormones- estrogen & testosterone Cortico- medical,asthma- reduce inflammation Anabolic- synthetic form of testosterone 2 parts of a lipid Hydrophilic- water loving, head region Hydrophobic- water fearing, tail region Phospholipid Nucleic Acid Contain hereditary and genetic information that is passed to offspring. 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (Polymers) DNA RNA 2 Functions of nucleic Acid 1.) Heredity 2.) Code for Protein Sugars found in nucleic acids Deoxyribose (DNA) Ribose (RNA) Four bases of DNA & RNA DNA RNA Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Nucleotide monomers: Phosphate group, nitrogen base, and sugar –ribose or deoxyribose