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The activity reaction core and plasticity of metabolic networks Almaas E., Oltvai Z.N. & Barabasi A.-L. 01/04/2006 The idea To examine the utilization and relative flux rates of each metabolic reaction in a wide range of simulated environmental conditions 30,000 randomly and uniformly chosen optimal growth conditions (randomly assigning values for metabolic-uptake reactions) and all single-carbon-source minimal medium conditions sufficient for growth Using FBA on in silico models: H. pylori E. coli S. cerevisiae Observations Flux plasticity Changes in the fluxes of already active reactions when the organism is shifted from one growth condition to another Structural plasticity Changes in the active reaction set Metabolic core Definition Metabolic cores in different organisms: The set of reactions that are active under all conditions H. pylori: 138 of 381 (36.2%) E. coli: 90 of 758 (11.9%) S. cerevisiae: 33 of 1172 (2.8%) Property The reactions in the metabolic core form a single connected cluster. The metabolic core of E. coli Essentiality of reactions in metabolic core Two types of reactions in metabolic core Reactions that are essential for growth under all conditions H. pylori: no data in the paper E. coli: 81 out of 90 S. cerevisiae: all 33 Experimental data: 74.7% of the enzymes that catalyze core metabolic reactions are essential, compared with a 19.6% lethality fraction of the noncore enzymes. Experimental data: 84% of the core enzymes are essential, whereas 15.6% of noncore enzymes are essential. Reactions that are required for optimal metabolic performance When assuming a 10% reduction in the growth rate, the size of the metabolic core becomes 83 in E. coli. Size of the metabolic cores Metabolic cores in different organisms: H. pylori: 36.2% E. coli: 11.9% S. cerevisiae: 2.8% Explanation Little flexibility for biomass production in H. pylori Higher metabolic flexibility in E. coli and S. cerevisiae 61% of the H. pylori reactions are active on average. On average, 35.3% and 19.7% of the reactions are required in E. coli and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Alternative pathways: 20 out of the 51 biomass constituents in E. coli are not produced by the core. The more reactions a metabolic network possesses, the stronger is the network-induced redundancy, and the smaller is the core. Conservation of the metabolic core The average core enzyme in E. coli has orthologs in 71.7% of the 32 reference bacteria. While the noncore enzymes have an evolutionary retention of only 47.7%. This difference is not a simple consequence of the high-lethality fraction of the core enzymes. Random selection of 90 enzymes with a 74.7% lethality ratio has an average evolutionary retetion of only 63.4% Maintaining the core’s integrity is a collective need of the organism. Regulatory control on metabolic core mRNA half-lives Activating and repressive regulatory links Average half-life for the core enzymes: 14.0 min Average half-life for the noncore enzymes: 10.5 min Extended core: a set of 234 reactions that are active in more than 90% of the 30,000 simulated growth conditions Core enzyme-encoding operons: 52.3% repressive; 35.7% activating; and 10% dual interactions Noncore enzyme-encoding operons: 45% repressive; 45% activating; and 10% dual interactions Synchronization Flux correlation mRNA expression correlation All data are of E. coli. Practical implications The core enzymes may prove effective antibiotic targets. Currently used antibiotics: Fosfomycin and cycloserine inhibit cell-wall peptidoglycan. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim inhibit tetrahydrofolte biosynthesis. Both pathways are present in H. pylori and E. coli. Summary of our previous work Production efficiency of amino acids Energy requirement Redox balance Charge balance Carrier molecules Internal structure of the network Coupling mechanisms in amino acid synthesis Complementary needs in currency/carrier molecules Irreversible flow of energy/redox potential Further work Extend the analysis to all biomass constituents instead of only amino acids Straightforward extension but attention should be paid to constituent molecules with large number of carbon atoms.. Coupling mechanisms Quite complicated for yeast and E.coli It might be okay if the problem is not completely solved now.