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Download Seed Plants connection lesson - biology-rocks
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Overview Plants Algae Mosses Seedless Plants LOWER PLANTS Ferns GymnoSperms AngioSperms Naked seed Covered seed Seed Plants Spermopsida HIGHER PLANTS Moving on • Recap Chapter 20-21 • Next evolutionary step • Remember plants are moving to drier and drier environments • What are some adaptations? Plants with Seeds “Spermopsida” Chapter 22 p.466 Life on Land • Benefits – Abundant sunlight for photosynthesis – Continuous free movement of gases (O2/CO2) • Problems – Scared of: • drying out • Finding food while water and nutrients only available soil • How to get sunlight without a stem • No water, reproduction might not be possible Adaptations of Seed Plants to Life on Land • Vascular tissues (Xylem, Phloem) • Therefore, developed roots, stems, leaves • Reproductive adaptations – free from water – Use cones, flowers, pollen, seeds** • **Evolved seeds – a new form of sexual reproduction (no longer using spores and water) • Smaller gametophyte Roots, Stems • Roots – Absorb water and nutrients from soil – Anchor plants in the ground – Hold plants upright, prevent plant from falling over (strong wind and/or rain) • Stems – Hold leaves up to the sun – Provide plant rigidity Leaves – Capture sun’s energy – Covered with a waxy coating of cuticle Stomata (p.504) • Have adjustable openings called stomata that allows gas exchange but help conserve water Vascular Tissue • Xylem (transports upward) – Carries water and minerals from roots to leaves/stem – Thick cell walls provides strength in woody plants – Dead cells • Phloem (transports up and downward) – Carries products of photosynthesis – Cells are alive Reproduction Free from Water • • • • Requires alternation of generations Dominant generation: diploid (sporophyte) Gametophytes are small in size Specialized reproductive structures: – Flowers and cones VERY IMPORTANT ADAPTATION Pollination • Male gametophytes are contained in small structures called pollen grain • Sperms produced don’t swim but carried by wind, insects, birds, small animals, bats • Pollination: Process of carrying the pollen to the female gametophyte (check out the picture at the beginning of the chapter) Show TED Pollen Video Seed Dispersal – Drop and Scatter Black Locust Seeds Sweet Gum Black Walnut Seed Dispersal – By Wind Dandelion Sycamore Milkweed Aster flower Maple Aster seeds Seed Dispersal • By wind (dandelion) • Bright berries – seeds eaten and pass thru and out animal • By animal Sharp barbs – • stick to animal and drop off later Seeds • Structures that protect the zygote of seed plants • Zygote grows into an embryo – Found into the seed – Seed provides food for the embryo in the cotyledon – Embryo may remain dormant for a LONG time Why Stay Dormant? • In case of extreme climate – Too cold – Too hot – Lack of water (drought) Seed Coat • Seed coat surrounds and protects embryo and prevents the food from drying out • Protists – Fungi-like, animal-like, plant-like – Lifecycle • Fungi – 5 classes – Reproduce with spores, sexual vs asexual • Plant – Aglae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperm – Seeds – Life cycles Review • What is pollination? • What are the 2 function of stomata? • What are the 2 main specialized reproductive structures that evolved? • What are pollen grains? Big Idea Review: Reproductive Adaptations As plants evolve, 3 important reproductive adaptations allowed continued success and diversification of plants in the terrestrial (land) environment 1) reduction of gametophyte, 2) the presence of the seed, 3) the evolution of pollen