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Kingdom Plantae What’s a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cells walls made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b pigments autotrophs Plant Life Cycle Alternations of generations Plants cycle between the haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) The Plant Kingdom Green algae are thought to have given rise to the “higher” plants. They have the same pigments, storage products, and cell-wall type. Also, many of them live in fresh water… The different plants selected for adaptations that allowed them to exploit more of the terrestrial regions… Things plants need to survive Sunlight Water and minerals Gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) Movement of water and nutrients The Plant Kingdom Non- vascular plants (Bryophytes) Bryophytes Life cycles depend on water for reproduction All live in moist areas Lack vascular tissue Draw up water by osmosis Live only a few centimeters above ground No seeds produced Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Bryophytes Vascular plants Seedless vascular plants, seed plants Vascular plants are different b/c • The vascular tissue system is responsible for transport of water, minerals, sugars, and plant hormones. • Plants also produce lignin – makes cell walls rigid 2 Main Types of Vascular Tissue Xylem – moves water and minerals from roots all parts Phloem – transports nutrients and carbs made during photosynthesis, also hormones Seedless Vascular Plants Most basic plant type with vascular tissue True roots, leaves and stems Use spores for reproduction Ex. Ferns, horsetails Ferns and Their Relatives Seed Plants Classified as gymnosperms or angiosperms Seed formation allows reproduction without water Plants make cones or flowers Sperm is transferred during pollination Male gametophyte – pollen grain Embryo is protected in a seed, seed provides food and keeps embryo from drying out Gymnosperms Cone- bearers Reproduction takes place in cones produced by a mature sporophyte plant Produce 2 types of cones: pollen (male) and seed (female) Exs gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers Gymnosperms The Plant Kingdom – Reproduction Gymnosperms: Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowers reproductive organs contain ovaries that surround/protect seed After pollination the flower develops into a fruit Grouped as monocots and dicots Dicots and Monocots Named for number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in the plant embryo Monocots vs. Dicots Monocots Dicots 1 cotyledon seed 2 cotyledon seed Flower petals in Flower petals in multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5 Parallel veined leaves Branch veined leaves Vascular bundles Vascular bundles as a distributed through out a ring in stem stem Taproot Fibrous roots The Plant Kingdom – Angiosperm Reproduction The Plant Kingdom – Angiosperm Reproduction The Plant Kingdom – Angiosperm Reproduction