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Cells I Cells Part I Living Things: Highly organized Convert energy for their own use Control internal environment (Homeostasis) Have adaptations Respond to stimuli Grow Reproduce Have emergent properties Characteristics of Living Things Discovery of Cells 17th Century Robert Hooke observed cork in a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek described “animalcules” he found in tooth plaque. Cell Theory 1. The cell is the smallest unit of life. 2. All organisms are made from one or more cells. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. Schleiden & Schwann Different types of microscopes are used to study cells Stereo Microscope 1-celled organisms Light Microscope Most cells Electron Microscope Cells small molecules Scanning Electron Microscope 3-D images Two Categories of Cells Prokaryotes “Before” nucleus Simple structure Bacteria Archaebacteria Eukaryotes True nucleus holds DNA Many cell parts with special functions One cell or multicellular organisms Plants! Animals! People! Hierarchy of organization in complex organisms Tissues and organs have specialized functions Cells have structures specialized for: Providing a barrier between cell & environment Storing information for building & maintaining cell(software) Manufacturing cell parts & machinery Maintenance Energy processing Support, movement & communication All cells have: Cell membrane Surrounds, contains, protects Cytoplasm “Cell gel” fills interior of cell Ribosomes Help make proteins for cells DNA Coded instructions for cell (software) Stop here. Explore cell parts using GSLC website or Cells Alive Prokaryotic cells may also have: Cell wall – surrounds cell membrane; protects, maintains shape Capsule – additional protection; “glue” Prokaryotic Flagellum – movement Pili – attach bacteria to surfaces Escherichia coli (E. coli): a simple bacterial cell Helicobacter (causes ulcers)