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Facial Bones ___________________ make up the face. 12 of these bones are pairs Maxilla (right and left) The two maxillae bones_________________________________________________________. The maxilla _________________________________________ Part of the maxilla forms the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth All facial bones except the mandible join the maxilla Palatine Bones (right and left) Paired bones that lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae. Form the____________________________________________________________________. Failure for these bones to fuse result in a ____________________________. Zygomatic Bones (right and left) Commonly referred to as the___________________________. They form part of the ____________________________________________________(eye sockets). They fuse with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Lacrimal Bones (left and right) Finger-nail sized bones that form part of the_____________________ of the _____________. Each lacrimal bone has a small groove that houses a duct so that tears can drain into the nasal cavity. Nasal Bones (left and right) Small rectangular bones that form the___________________________________________. The anterior part of the nose is made up of cartilage. Mandible The ______________________ The _______________________________________________________________________________. Forms the only movable joint in the skull The ________________ part forms the __________ The _________________________ connect with the temporal bone for articulation _____________________________ are found in alveoli Vomer Bone The single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity ___________________________________________________________________________________ “vomer’ means plow. Inferior Conchae Thin curved bones __________________________________________________ of the nasal cavity Sinus Cavities _____________________________ of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses - ___________________________________ - Give resonance and amplification to voice Hyoid Bone Not really a facial bone. Is located ______________________________________ on the neck. The only bone in the body that _____________________________________with another bone Serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the tongue The Vertebral Column – The Back Bones Vertebral Column Function Serves as the ____________________________ of the body. Extends from the skull to the coccyx Is formed from _____________________ bones. Surrounds and protects the ____________________________. Function At birth, the vertebrae has 33 separate bones, but 9 of them eventually fuse. (sacrum and coccyx) Of the 24 vertebral bones: ________________________ (neck) vertebrae _____________________________vertebrae ________________________ (lower back) vertebrae Structure Single vertebrae are separated by ____________________________which cushion and absorb shocks. What type of cartilage are they made up of? ________________________ In young people the disks are about 90% water and are spongy and compressible. In older people, the disks become harder and ________________________. Normally, the vertebral column has an _______________. Anterior curve at the cervical region Posterior curve at the thoracic region Anterior curve at the lumbar region Posterior curve at the sacrum The thoracic and sacral curvature is referred to as ____________________________, because they were present at birth. Secondary curvatures developed in the cervical region when the _________________________________ ______________________ and in the lumbar region when the __________________________________. Abnormal spinal curvatures can occur: _____________________ – a posterior curvature in the thoracic area that usually results from bone demineralization _____________________– an exaggerated anterior curvature in the lumbar area (sway back) _____________________– any lateral pull on the spine Typical Vertebral Structure All vertebrae bones have similar structures. The following features are common to all: 1. body or centrum – the disk-like, flattened, _____________________________; faces ___________ 2. vertebral foramen – the ____________ through which the _____________________ passes 3. transverse process – 2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch (in the thoracic area, ribs articulate here) 4. spinous process – a single projection from the posterior part of the vertebral arch Cervical Vertebrae Identified as _____________ Form the neck region of the spine. The first two bones have special names. The _________(C1) has no body, has depressions to receive the occipital condyles; allows you to nod The __________(C2) has a large upright process that hooks into C1 (the pivot for the rotation of the atlas); allows side to side motion Thoracic Vertebrae Identified as ____________ Typical shape, but has a _______________________________________________________________ Lateral view looks like a giraffe’s head Lumbar Vertebrae Identified as ___________ Have very large block-like bodies, are the _____________________________________________ Has a ______________________________________________ Lateral view looks like a moose’s head Sacrum and Coccyx The sacrum is formed by the ___________________________________________ (median sacral crest is where fusion occurred) Has a sacral canal where spinal cord ends Forms the _________________________________________________ The coccyx is the tip or the _____________________ made up of 4 fused bones The Bony Thorax Bony Thorax Function Made up of the ____________, the _______, and the ______________________________ Referred to as the “thoracic cage”, it _________________________________ of the thoracic cavity: Heart Lungs Major blood vessels The Sternum AKA the _____________________ Is attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs Is formed from the fusion of 3 bones: __________________ ____________ ______________________________ Ribs There are ______________________________ (both ♂ and ♀) ___________________– ribs 1 -7, attach to the sternum with costal cartilage ___________________– ribs 8 -12 either attach indirectly to the sternum with shared cartilage, or are not attached at all Floating ribs – the ____________________________________________, not attached to sternum at all