Download I. axial vs appendicular axial skeleton forms long axis of body: skull

Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
I. axial vs appendicular
axial skeleton forms long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular - bones of upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach limbs
to axial skeleton
II. bone markings
A. functions
attachment
joint surfaces
tunnels for blood vessels and nerves
B. general meanings
1. projection = something that sticks out from the surface of the bone
2. depression = something that dips in from the surface of the bone
3. opening = tunnel that goes into or through a bone
C. confusing terms:
1. tuberosity
trochanter
2. condyle
epicondyle
3. crest
line
spine
4. meatus
foramen
fissure
5. fossa
groove
Strong/Fall 2008
tubercle
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Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
III. axial skeleton
A. skull = cranium + facial bones
1. cranium = bones that enclose brain
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
2. suture = interlocking, fused joint between flat bones
coronal - frontal and parietal
sagittal - left and right parietal
squamous - parietal and temporal
lambdoidal - parietal and occipital
sutural bones = small bones within sutures, no always present
3. paranasal sinuses = cavities inside bones
located in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
filled with air
lined by mucous membrane
open into nasal cavity
condition incoming air (increase surface area of mucosa), voice resonance,
decrease skull bone mass
4. fontanel - un-ossified fibrous membranes of skull
allow compression of skull during delivery
allow continued cranial growth after birth
eventually close:
anterior
posterior
mastoid
sphenoidal
Strong/Fall 2008
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Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
B. spinal column
1. vertebra/vertebrae
body (anterior)
arch (posterior)
lamina
pedicle
vertebral foramen
processes
spinous
transverse
superior articular
inferior articular
2. vertebral column
vertebral bodies fused to intervertebral discs
arches form spinal or vertebral canal
intervertebral foramina between vertebrae
articular processes form moveable joints
other processes for muscle attachment
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments connect bodies
ligamentum flavum connects processes
a. cervical (7)
body small
spinous process short and bifid
transverse foramina for passage of vertebral arteries
C1 = atlas
no body or spinous process
articulates superiorly with occipital bone
C2 = axis
dens/odontoid process projects superiorly from body of axis
atlas rotates around dens
dens held in place by transverse ligament
Strong/Fall 2008
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Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
b. thoracic (12)
rib facets or demifacets on bodies
foramen is round
spinous process is long and points inferiorly
articular factes face anterior/posterior
c. lumbar (5)
body large
foramen is triangular
spinous process is short, blunt and straight
articular factes angled obliquely
d. sacral (5) - fused
transverse processes are fused - ala
ala form joint with ilium (sacroiliac joint)
transverse lines
sacral foramina
hiatus
e. coccyx (3-5) fused
vestigial tail bones
3. spinal curves
a. normal curvatures
primary - present at birth, convex
thoracic
sacral
secondary - concave
cervical
lumbar
b. abnormal curvatures
congenital - means "born with"
genetic - caused by an error in the DNA
teratogenic - caused by abnormal embryonic development
disease
poor posture
unequal muscle tension
scoliosis = abnormal lateral curvature usually in the thoracic region
kyphosis = excessive thoracic curvature
lordosis = excessive lumbar curvature
Strong/Fall 2008
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Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
C. bony thorax = ribs + sternum + thoracic vertebrae + costal cartilages
all ribs articular posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae
ribs are classified according to their anterior attachments
vertebrosternal (also called true) - articulate directly with sternum
vertebrochondral (also called false) - articulate indirectly with sternum
vertebral (also called false and floating) - do not articulate with sternum
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IV. appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle + upper limb
pelvic girdle + lower limb
A. coxal bone / os coxa/coxae / innominate bone
3 fused bones
ilium
ischium
pubis
meet at acetabulum
Strong/Fall 2008
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Anatomy Lecture Notes
Chapters 7 and 8
B. pelvis = pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx
true = inferior to pelvic brim
false = superior to pelvic brim
female
male
distance between L & R acetabula
pubic angle
sacrum width
sacrum length
coccyx
pelvic inlet shape
C. foot arches - bone shape, ligaments and tendons
distribute weight to calcaneus and metatarsals
act as a spring when weight is placed on foot
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
Strong/Fall 2008
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