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Ch 15
Musculoskeletal System
Specialists
• Orthopedists
• Rheumatologists
• Chiropractors
Bony Development
• Ossification
• Osteoblasts – immature osteocytes
• Osteoclasts – bone phagocytes
Long bones
• Diaphysis: shaft
– Periosteum
– Compact bone
– Medullary cavity
Long bones
• Epiphysis: end
– Epiphyseal line
– Articular cartilage
– Cancellous bone
• Metaphysis: flared
portion
Bony processes
• Bone head
• Trochanter – proximal
femur
• Tubercle – proximal
humerus
• Condyle – distal
femur and humerus
Cranial bones
• Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital,
sphenoid, ethmoid
Facial Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nasal
Lacrimal: lacrim/o=tear
Maxillary: cleft palate
Mandibular: TMJ
Zygomatic: cheeks
Vomer
Vertebral column
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•
•
•
•
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Kyphosis: kyph/o=humpback
See page 601, figure 15-17
DEXA Scan
Kyphoplasty
Lordosis: lord/o=swayback
Scoliosis: scoli/o=crooked, bent
Scoliosis surgery
Vertebral Body
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Lamina
PAGE 609 - HNP:
Laminectomy: surgical removal
of a portion of the vertebral arch
Diskectomy: removal of all or
part of protruding disk.
Bones of thorax
• Clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs
• Supraclavicular, subscapular, substernal,
intercostal
Bones of Pelvis
• Ilium, ischium, pubis
• Ilium VS ileum
• Acetabulum: hip socket
Bones of Upper Extremity
• Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals,
metacarpals, phalanges
• Phalangectomy: removal of finger (or toe)
CTS
Ganglion Cyst
Bones of Lower Extremity
• Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals,
metatarsals, phalanges
• Tarsals are bones of hindfoot, calcaneus
is largest one
Bunions:
First metatarsophalangeal joint
Gouty arthritis: hyperuricemia
Fractures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closed vs open
Colles
Comminuted
Compression
Greenstick
Impacted
Reduction can be
open or closed
ORIF
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Bone scan
Osteomalacia
X-ray after
debridement for
osteomyelitis
Joints
• Suture vs synovial
Articulation
• Articular cartilage =
ends of long bones at
joints
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial cavity
• Synovial fluid =
provide lubrication to
minimize friction
• Syn- = like, ov/o =
egg
• Ligaments = bones to
bones
• Tendons = muscle to
bone. Very taut.
• Achilles tendon tear,
may need
tenorrhaphy
Bursae=sacs of fluid at joints
Olecranon bursitis – at elbow
Arthritis - OA
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Muscles
• Striated, voluntary:
rhabdomy/o
• Smooth, involuntary:
leiomy/o
• Cardiac: myocardi/o
• Actions of muscles
• Origin = point of
attachment to stationary
bone
• Insertion = junction of
muscle to the bone that
moves
Actions of Muscles - ROM
• Flexion/extension
• Abduction/adduction
• Rotation
Actions of Muscles
• dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
• supination, pronation
Arthrocentesis, arthrography
Arthroplasty (THR, TKR) &
Arthroscopy
Abbreviations
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CTS
DEXA
HNP
OA
ORIF
RA
ROM
THR
TKR
TMJ