Download SKELETAL SYSTEM LAB

SKELETAL SYSTEM LAB- Part I
OBJECTIVES:
1. Locate and identify the major structures (listed below) of a long bone on diagrams and on actual
long bones that have been cut with a frontal section.
2. Locate and identify the major structures (listed below) of compact and spongy bone tissue on
models and slides.
3. Identify the bones and associated bones of the skull.
4. Identify the major bones of the vertebral column (listed below).
5. Identify the major markings of the vertebral column (listed below).
6. Identify an individual vertebra as cervical, thoracic, or lumbar.
7. Locate and identify the major bones of the thoracic cage, pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limbs,
pelvic (hip) girdle, and lower limbs (listed below).
8. Identify the major structures in a knee joint (listed below)l
MATERIALS:
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bone histology models
compact and spongy bone slides
long bones with frontal section
skulls
individual vertebrae bones
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articulated vertebral columns
articulated skeletons
individual bones of the body
knee joint models
LONG BONES:
_____ diaphysis (dī-AF-ih-sis)(central shaft)
_____ epiphysis (ē-PIF-ih-sēz) (extended portion at each end)
_____ epiphyseal line
_____ articular surface (surface where bone articulates with another bone)
_____ medullary cavity (space within the bone that contains the marrow)
COMPACT BONE TISSUE:
_____ osteon (OS-tē-on) (basic functional unit of compact bone)
_____ central canal (also called Haversian canal) (contains one or more blood vessels)
_____ lamellae (lah-MEL-lē) (narrow sheets of calcified matrix)
_____ osteocytes (OS-tē-ō-sītz) (bone cells in small “pockets”)
_____ lacunae (la-KOO-nē) (small pockets where osteocytes sit)
_____ canaliculi (ka-na-LIK-ū-lē) (small channels that interconnect the lacunae and link them to
nearby blood vessels)
_____ perforating canal (also called Volkmann canal) (These are canals that run perpendicular
to the central canals. They help connect the blood vessels and nerves that pass through
the central canals.)
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
SPONGY BONE TISSUE:
_____ trabeculae
_____ osteocytes (OS-tē-ō-sītz) (bone cells in small “pockets”)
_____ lacunae (la-KOO-nē) (small pockets where osteocytes sit)
_____ marrow
SKULL AND ASSOCIATED BONES:
_____ frontal bone (1) (forms the forehead)
_____ parietal bone (2) (pa-RĪ-eh-tal) (forms the roof and sides of the skull)
_____ occipital bone (1) (ok-SIP-ih-tal) (forms the base of the skull)
_____ temporal bone (2) (TEMP-ō-ral) (house the ears)
_____ sphenoid bone (1) (SFĒ-noyd) (resembles the shape of a bat or butterfly, is considered the key
bone of the skull; all other bones connect to it; forms part of the floor and sides of the
cranium and part of the orbits surrounding the eyes)
_____ ethmoid bone (1) (ETH-moyd) (located between the eyes and forms part of the nasal septum)
_____ maxilla (mak-SIL-ah) (2) (upper jaw bone; make up the upper jaw; carries the upper teeth
_____ mandible (MAN-dih-bl) (1) (lower jaw; only movable bone in the face)
_____ palatine bone (1) (PAL-a-tin) (forms posterior part of hard palate)
_____ zygomatic bone (2) (ZĪ-go-MAH-tik) (form the prominence of the cheek; also form a part of the
orbits of the eyes)
_____ lacrimal bone (2) (LAK-rih-mal) (have a depression that gathers tears and passes them into the
nasal cavity)
_____ nasal bone (2) (form the bridge of the nose)
_____ vomer (VŌ-mer) (1) (part of the nasal septum)
_____ inferior nasal concha (2) (These bones located in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity help create
turbulence in inhaled air. they are separate bones, unlike the middle and superior nasal
conchae which are parts of the ethmoid bone).
_____ hyoid bone (1) (this is a slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible
and the larynx. It does not articulate with any other bone in the skeleton. It has sites for the
attachment of tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments)
(To remember 5 of the 7 bones that make up the orbit of the eye you can use the mnemonic: Never Make
Lily Eat Spinach: Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid; the other 2 are the frontal bone and
zygomatic bone)
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
_____ cervical vertebrae (7) (SER-vih-kal)
_____ thoracic vertebrae (12)
_____ lumbar vertebrae (5)
_____ sacrum (5 but are fused) (SĀ-krum)
_____ coccyx (4 but are fused) (KOK-siks)
_____ intervertebral foramen (you can only see these when 2 vertebrae articulate and you view it
from a lateral view)
_____ intervertebral discs
Vertebrae (in general):
_____ body
_____ vertebral arch
_____ vertebral foramen (fō-RĀ-men) (a foramen is an opening or hole through which blood vessels,
nerves, or ligaments pass. Note in cervical vertebrae the vertebral foramen is triangular)
_____ transverse processes (a process is a sharp, slender projection that forms attachment points for
connective tissues.)
_____ spinous process
_____ superior articular process
_____ inferior articular process
Cervical Vertebrae (7):
_____ transverse foramen
_____ atlas (C1) (this vertebra holds up the head!)
_____ axis (C2)
_____ dens (also called odontoid process) in axis vertebrae
_____ body (notice it is oval, concave, and smaller than the vertebral foramen)
_____ vertebral foramen (notice it is triangular)
_____ transverse processes Notice in cervical vertebrae the spinous process is stumpy and split at its
tip; it points directly posteriorly
_____ spinous process (notice it is stumpy and split at its tip; points directly posteriorly)
_____ superior articular process
_____ inferior articular process
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
Thoracic Vertebrae (12):
_____ rib facets (also called costal facets)
_____ body (notice it is heart-shaped)
_____ vertebral foramen (notice it is circular)
_____ spinous process (notice it is long, slender, and points downward or inferiorly)
_____ transverse processes
_____ articular processes
Lumbar Vertebrae (5):
_____ body (notice it is thick and oval or kidney-shaped)
_____ vertebral foramen (notice it is triangular)
_____ intervertebral foramen
_____ spinous process (notice it is broad, blunt, and points directly posteriorly)
_____ transverse processes
_____ articular processes
THORACIC CAGE:
_____ sternum (commonly called the breastbone)
_____ ribs (12 pairs)
(Notice there are 7 pairs of true ribs (also called vertebrosternal ribs; these attach directly to the
sternum by their costal cartilages) and 5 pairs of false ribs (so called because they attach to the
sternum indirectly or not at all.)
PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE:
_____ clavicle (2) (KLAV-ih-kul) (commonly called the collar bone)
_____ scapula (2) (SKAP-ū-lah)
UPPER LIMBS:
_____ humerus (2) (bone of the arm)
_____ radius (2) (lateral bone of the forearm when in anatomical position)
_____ ulna (2) (medial bone of the forearm when in anatomical position)
_____ carpals (16) (eight small bones in each hand; are bones of the wrist )
_____ metacarpals (10) (five bones in each hand; are in the palm of the hand)
_____ phalanges (28) (fourteen bones in each hand; are bones of the fingers; two in each thumb and
three in each finger)
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE:
_____ ossa coxae (2) (also called coxal bones)
_____ ilium
_____ ischium
_____pubis
LOWER LIMBS:
_____ femur (2)
_____ patella (2)
_____ tibia (2)
_____ fibula (2)
_____ tarsals (14)
_____ metatarsals (10)
_____ phalanges (28)
KNEE JOINT:
_____ medial meniscus
_____ lateral meniscus
_____ anterior cruciate ligaments
_____ posterior cruciate ligaments
_____ tibial collateral ligaments
_____ fibular collateral ligaments
_____ patellar ligament
_____ articular cartilages
_____ tendon of quadriceps femoris
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Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab