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Functional Groups Aim OC2 – What are functional groups? • Functional groups - Alcohols – A general group name for organic molecules containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) – general formula: R-OH – Suffix used in naming: -ol – Uses • Beverages – ethanol in wine, beer, spirits • Solvents – ethanol often used in perfumes and for dissolving nonpolar substances • Antifreeze – ethylene glycol – a dihydroxy alcohol (C2H4(OH)2) • Antiseptics – ethanol with iodine, or in hand sanitizers • Fuels – methanol and ethanol additive to gasoline • Monohydroxy alcohols: – Contain one –OH – Example: at right ethanol • dihydroxy alcohols (glycols): – contain two -OH groups – example: at right – ethylene glycol or 1,2 ethanediol – active ingredient in antifreeze • trihydroxy alcohols – contain three -OH groups – example: at right - glycerol or 1,2,3 propanetriol – holds three fatty acids together in a fat – product of digestion of fat • Hydroxy locations in alcohols – The –OH group can be attached in different spots in an alcohol • Primary alcohols – the -OH is attached to one end of a hydrocarbon chain – general formula: R-CH2OH – ex: CH3CH2C2OH or 1-propanol • Secondary alcohols – the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to two other carbons – general formula: R – COH – R – ex: CH3CHOHCH3 or 2-propanol • Tertiary alcohols: – the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to three other carbons – general formula: R3-OH – example: CH3CH3C(OH)CH3 – Name: 2-methyl-2-propanol • Name each of the following: A B • Functional group - Organic Acids – A general group name for organic molecules containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) – The H in the –COOH can ionize in solution, making the solution acidic – general formula: R-COOH – Suffix in naming: -oic acid – Uses • As a food preservative – ethanoic acid (acetic acid or vinegar) - think pickled foods • As one part of esterification (formation of esters, which are flavors and aromas in food and perfumes) • Functional group - Aldehydes – produced by the combustion or oxidation (burning) of primary alcohols – general formula: R-CHO – suffix: -al • Example: CH3CH2CHO or propanal • important aldehyde: methanal or formaldehyde • Functional Groups - Ketones – produced by the combustion of secondary alcohols – general formula: R-CO-R – suffix: -one – example: CH3COCH3 or propanone • important ketones: – Propanone, aka acetone, aka nail polish remover • Functional group - Ethers – produced by dehydration synthesis (the combination of molecules by removing water) of two primary alcohols • general formula: R-O-R • example: – diethyl ether – C2H5OC2H5 – anesthetic and solvent • Functional group - Esters – produced by dehydration synthesis of a primary alcohols and an organic acid – R-COOH + HO-R R-COO-R + H2O – general formula: R-COO-R – produces fragrances and flavorings – CH3COOC4H9 • butyl ethanoate • Banana smell – CH3COOC3H7 • propyl ethanoate • pear smell • Functional groups - Amines – derivatives of ammonia (NH3) – the functional group is the -N- group – Naming: add amine to end of carbon name – Types of amines: Primary Secondary Tertiary • Functional group - Amides – dehydration synthesis of amino acids – Functional group • carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and NH2 – Naming • determine name of longest C chain and add – amide to end – Example • ethanamide