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Eukaryotic mRNA translation: Ribosome structure, function, and translational control Dr. Jeff Coller RNA Center Office: W113 (Wood Bldg.) P 368-0299 C 543-3258 E [email protected] Ribosome Biosynthesis Chemical modification and nucleolytic processing of the Eukaryotic 45S rRNA precursor Modifications of the precursor rRNA by guide RNAs The nucleolus is a ribosome-producing factory The function of the nucleolus in ribosome and other ribonucleoprotein synthesis From RNA to Protein mRNP remodeling occurs during nucleocytoplasmic transport The Nuclear RNP is distinct from the Cytoplasmic RNP mRNA encode the protein sequence : The Genetic Code The three possible reading frames in protein synthesis tRNA molecules match amino acids to codons in mRNA Wobble base-pairing between codons and anticodons tRNAs are covalently modified before they exit the nucleus tRNAs can contain “unusual” nucleotides Specific enzymes couple each amino acid to its appropriate tRNA molecule Structure of the aminoacyl-tRNA linkage: A high energy linkage used to drive protein synthesis The genetic code is translated by means of two adaptors that act one after another Editing by RNA synthetases ensures accuracy The recognition of a tRNA molecule by its aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase The incorporation of an amino acid into a protein Ribosomes The RNA message is decoded on ribosomes A comparison of the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes The RNA-binding sites in the ribosome Text Translating an mRNA molecule Elongation factors drive translation forward The elongation cycle The elongation cycle The elongation cycle - tRNA movements The elongation cycle - The ribosome ratchet The elongation cycle - The ribosome ratchet Structure of the rRNAs in the large subunit of a bacterial ribosome, as determined by x-ray crystallography Location of the protein components of the bacterial large ribosomal subunit The Ribosome is a Ribozyme The Ribosome is a Ribozyme The Ribosome is a Ribozyme A possible reaction mechanism for the peptidyl transferase activity present in the large ribosomal subunit Structure of the L15 protein in the large subunit of the bacterial ribosome Translational Initiation: a critical node of gene regulation mRNA: Defined by two unique co-transcriptional modifications mRNA: Defined by two unique co-transcriptional modifications 5’ cap m7Gppp mRNA: Defined by two unique co-transcriptional modifications 5’ cap 3’ poly(A) tail m7Gppp AAAAAAAA m7Gppp AAAAAAAA G E m7Gppp B A eIF-4F AAAAAAAA G E m7Gppp B A eIF-4F PAB AAAAAAAA PAB physically communicates with eIF4G G E m7Gppp B A eIF-4F PAB AAAAAAAA End-to-end communication may allow multiple rounds of reinitiation AA A PAB AA AA A 7m Gp pp eIF4F AAAAA A Ribosomes The initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotes The final phase of protein synthesis - Translational Termination The structure of a human translation release factor (eRF1) and its resemblance to a tRNA molecule Proteins are made on polyribosomes Steps in the creation of a functional protein The co-translational folding of a protein